{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:58:30Z","timestamp":1790693910967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0018420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0018420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Energy crops are considered a promising approach to reduce nitrate (NO3) loss to groundwater and surface water from cropland, but they are costly to adopt and will require biomass market-based payments and\/or policy incentives to induce production. We developed a spatially explicit integrated economic and biophysical model to assess the implications of biomass markets at various biomass prices for nitrate loss in the Raccoon River Basin, Iowa. We also examine the cost-effectiveness of alternative policy approaches to achieve nitrate loss reduction, including a nitrate price and\/or a corn stover harvesting ban, and compare the effects of considering nitrate loss to be deterministically determined or being stochastic. We find that high biomass prices are needed to increase energy crop adoption and that low biomass prices induce corn stover harvesting, which creates incentives to expand nitrogen (N)-intensive continuous corn systems and have a deleterious effect on water quality. The introduction of biomass markets needs to be accompanied by the imposition of a nitrate price to achieve targeted nitrate loss reduction cost-effectively; the cost of achieving the target increases with biomass prices, the imposition of a corn stover harvesting ban, and the consideration of weather-related uncertainty in nitrate loss reduction. These findings show the need for designing appropriate policy incentives to avoid the unintended consequences of biomass markets as the sole mechanism for incentivizing energy crops to achieve water-quality goals in a watershed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:01:56Z","timestamp":1789466516000},"page":"27124-27136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unintended Consequences\nof Biomass Markets and Implications\nfor Nitrate Reduction Policy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Yu-Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-4451","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madhu","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]},{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , 1301 West Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelynn","family":"Wuestenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa State University , , Agronomy Hall 2104, 716 Farm House Ln , , ,","place":["Ames, Iowa, United States, 50011"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]},{"name":"Iowa State University , , Agronomy Hall 2104, 716 Farm House Ln , , ,","place":["Ames, Iowa, United States, 50011"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1973-471X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Theodore","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"VanLoocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]},{"name":"Iowa State University , , Agronomy Hall 2104, 716 Farm House Ln , , ,","place":["Ames, Iowa, United States, 50011"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195930","article-title":"Iowa Stream Nitrate\nand the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092909075995900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/AC0D21","article-title":"Quantifying Nitrogen\nLoss Hotspots and Mitigation Potential for Individual\nFields in the US Corn Belt with a Metamodeling Approach","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909075995900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2010.0115","article-title":"Sources of Nitrate Yields in the\nMississippi River Basin","volume":"39","author":"David","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit4","unstructured":"EPA.\n          \n          Renewed\nCall to Action to Reduce Nutrient Pollution\nand Support for Incremental Actions to Protect Water Quality and Public\nHealth, 2016. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/nutrientpollution\/renewed-call-action-reduce-nutrient-pollution-and-support-incremental-actions (accessed 2024-04-09)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909075995900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12907","article-title":"Bioenergy Sorghum\u2019s Deep Roots:\nA Key to Sustainable Biomass Production on Annual Cropland","volume":"14","author":"Lamb","year":"2022","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2012.0210","article-title":"Reduced Nitrogen Losses after Conversion\nof Row Crop Agriculture to Perennial Biofuel Crops","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology12040066","article-title":"Assessing\nthe Effects of Bioenergy Cropping Scenarios on the Surface Water and\nGroundwater of an Intensively Agricultural Basin in Central Greece","volume":"12","author":"Sismanidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hydrology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909075995900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12385","article-title":"Assessing\nthe Potential to Decrease the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone with Midwest\nUS Perennial Cellulosic Feedstock Production","volume":"9","author":"VanLoocke","year":"2017","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2008.05.001","article-title":"Herbaceous Energy Crop Development: Recent Progress\nand Future Prospects","volume":"19","author":"Heaton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092909075995900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14644","article-title":"A Critical\nReview of the Impacts of Cover Crops on Nitrogen Leaching, Net Greenhouse\nGas Balance and Crop Productivity","volume":"25","author":"Abdalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Chang\nBiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16489","article-title":"Recent Cover Crop Adoption Is Associated\nwith Small Maize and Soybean Yield Losses in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Deines","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-025-00809-8","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization Linking\nNSGA-II and SWAT Bioenergy Crop Simulations for Cost-Effective Reductions\nof Nitrate Load and Irrigation Water","volume":"12","author":"Kokkinaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ.\nProcesses"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c04358","article-title":"Water Quality Effects of Economically\nViable Land Use Change in the Mississippi River Basin under the Renewable\nFuel Standard","volume":"55","author":"Ferin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.07.033","article-title":"Energy\nSorghum Biomass Harvest Thresholds and Tillage Effects on Soil Organic\nCarbon and Bulk Density","volume":"43","author":"Meki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2010.0160s","article-title":"Monitoring\nSoil Quality to Assess the Sustainability of Harvesting Corn Stover","volume":"103","author":"Karlen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092909075995900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12594","article-title":"Water Quality\nAssessment of Large-Scale Bioenergy Cropping Scenarios for the Upper\nMississippi and Ohio-Tennessee River Basins","volume":"53","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour Assoc."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.328","article-title":"Corn Stover Harvest N and Energy\nBudgets in Central Iowa","volume":"663","author":"Malone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026092909075995900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2008.03.016","article-title":"Corn Stover Removal\nImpacts on Micro-Scale Soil Physical Properties","volume":"145","author":"Blanco-Canqui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909075995900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/saj2.20629","article-title":"Comparing\nImpacts of Corn Residue Removal and Amelioration Practices on Soil\nProperties after 3, 6, and 10 Years","volume":"88","author":"Klopp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil Sci.\nSoc. Amer J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06042-9","article-title":"Impacts\nof Corn Stover Management\nand Fertilizer Application on Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzymatic\nActivity","volume":"12","author":"Galindo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1021\/es303459h","article-title":"Environmental and Economic\nTrade-Offs in a Watershed When Using Corn Stover for Bioenergy","volume":"47","author":"Gramig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2136\/SSSAJ2015.07.0254","article-title":"Does Cattle Grazing and Baling of\nCorn Residue Increase Water Erosion?","volume":"80","author":"Blanco-Canqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Sci.\nSoc. Am. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.4141\/cjss2010-043","article-title":"Nitrogen\nLoss on Tile-Drained Mollisols as Affected by Nitrogen Application\nRate under Continuous Corn and Corn-Soybean Rotation Systems","volume":"92","author":"Helmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092909075995900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10051","DOI":"10.3390\/su151310051","article-title":"Designing\nIowa Agricultural Landscapes to Improve Environmental Co-Benefits\nof Bioenergy Production","volume":"15","author":"Parish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092909075995900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12880","article-title":"Biomass Production\nwith Conservation Practices for Two Iowa Watersheds","volume":"56","author":"Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour Assoc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092909075995900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.21713","article-title":"Multiyear Productivity and Nitrate-Nitrogen Loss from\nCorn and Prairie Bioenergy Cropping Systems","volume":"116","author":"Liebman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909075995900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/age.2016.20","article-title":"The Optimality of Using Marginal\nLand for Bioenergy Crops: Tradeoffs between Food, Fuel, and Environmental\nServices","volume":"45","author":"Valcu-Lisman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Resour. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59494-2","article-title":"Unstable Crop Yields\nReveal Opportunities for Site-Specific Adaptations\nto Climate Variability","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Feria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32779-3","article-title":"Drivers of Within-Field\nSpatial and Temporal Variability of Crop\nYield across the US Midwest","volume":"8","author":"Maestrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092909075995900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac998b","article-title":"Augmenting\nAgroecosystem Models with Remote Sensing Data and Machine Learning\nIncreases Overall Estimates of Nitrate-Nitrogen Leaching","volume":"17","author":"Nowatzke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20349","article-title":"Nitrate\nLosses across 29 Iowa Watersheds: Measuring Long-Term Trends in the\nContext of Interannual Variability","volume":"51","author":"Danalatos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nQual."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092909075995900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"064063","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abef8f","article-title":"Rotating Maize Reduces the Risk and\nRate of Nitrate Leaching","volume":"16","author":"Pasley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909075995900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/jeq2.20056","article-title":"Influence of No-till\nand a Winter Rye Cover Crop on Nitrate Losses from Tile-Drained Row-Crop\nAgriculture in Iowa","volume":"49","author":"Waring","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092909075995900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12875","article-title":"Soil Net Nitrogen\nMineralization\nand Leaching under Miscanthus \u00d7 Giganteus and Zea Mays","volume":"13","author":"Studt","year":"2021","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092909075995900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2019.04.0156","article-title":"Nitrate Leaching from Continuous Corn, Perennial Grasses,\nand Poplar in the US Midwest","volume":"48","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2026092909075995900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.03.010","article-title":"Baseflow Contribution\nto Nitrate-Nitrogen Export from\na Large, Agricultural Watershed, USA","volume":"295","author":"Schilling","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.71.3.206","article-title":"Crop Rotation and\nRaccoon River Nitrate","volume":"71","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026092909075995900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00532-X","article-title":"Nitrogen Flux and\nSources in the Mississippi River Basin","volume":"248","author":"Goolsby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.64.3.190","article-title":"Nitrate-Nitrogen\nPatterns in the\nRaccoon River Basin Related to Agricultural Practices","volume":"64","author":"Hatfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit40","unstructured":"USDA-NASS.\n          \n          CropScape - NASS CDL\nProgram; United States Department of Agriculture,\nNational Agricultural Statistics\nService. https:\/\/nassgeodata.gmu.edu\/CropScape\/ (accessed 2023-02-16)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0392","article-title":"Assessment of Total\nMaximum Daily Load Implementation Strategies for Nitrate Impairment\nof the Raccoon River, Iowa","volume":"39","author":"Jha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-018-1074-x","article-title":"Iowa Stream Nitrate,\nDischarge and Precipitation: 30-Year Perspective","volume":"62","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Manage"},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13078","article-title":"Field-scale\nAnalysis of Miscanthus\nProduction Indicates Climate Change May Increase the Opportunity for\nWater Quality Improvement in a Key Iowa Watershed","volume":"15","author":"Ferin","year":"2023","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2012.03.010","article-title":"Effectiveness\nof Oat and Rye Cover Crops in Reducing Nitrate Losses in Drainage\nWater","volume":"110","author":"Kaspar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.69.4.292","article-title":"Cover Crops\nin the Upper Midwestern United States: Simulated Effect on Nitrate\nLeaching with Artificial Drainage","volume":"69","author":"Malone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soil Water\nConserv."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909075995900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2006.0468","article-title":"Rye Cover Crop and\nGamagrass Strip Effects on NO3 Concentration and Load in Tile Drainage","volume":"36","author":"Kaspar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909075995900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.69.4.279","article-title":"Cover Crops\nin the Upper Midwestern\nUnited States: Potential Adoption and Reduction of Nitrate Leaching\nin the Mississippi River Basin","volume":"69","author":"Kladivko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soil Water\nConserv."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550006","DOI":"10.1142\/S2382624X1550006X","article-title":"Mix of First- and Second-Generation\nBiofuels to Meet Multiple Environmental Objectives: Implications for\nPolicy at a Watershed Scale","volume":"1","author":"Housh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Econ. Policy"},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wre.2022.100209","article-title":"Designing\nWatersheds for Integrated Development (DWID): Combining Hydrological\nand Economic Modeling for Optimizing Land Use Change to Meet Water\nQuality Regulations","volume":"41","author":"Bawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2022.107799","article-title":"Designing Watersheds\nfor Integrated\nDevelopment (DWID): A Stochastic Dynamic Optimization Approach for\nUnderstanding Expected Land Use Changes to Meet Potential Water Quality\nRegulations","volume":"271","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.02.048","article-title":"Evaluating the Impacts\nof Agricultural Land Management Practices on Water Resources: A Probabilistic\nHydrologic Modeling Approach","volume":"193","author":"Prada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abd7af","article-title":"The Economic and Environmental\nCosts and Benefits of\nthe Renewable Fuel Standard","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit53","unstructured":"() U.S. Bioenergy StatisticsU.S.\nBioenergy Statistics, 2023. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/us-bioenergy-statistics (accessed 2025-09-07)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909075995900_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/erae\/jbaf064","article-title":"Supplementing\nBiofuel Mandates with a Carbon Mitigation Policy Can Lead to Water\nQuality Co-Benefits","volume":"53","author":"Fan","year":"2026","journal-title":"European Rev. Agric. Econ."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092909075995900_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13004","article-title":"Agroecosystem Model Simulations Reveal Spatial Variability\nin Relative Productivity in Biomass Sorghum and Maize in Iowa, USA","volume":"14","author":"Bendorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2003.2470","article-title":"Integrated BIosphere\nSimulator (IBIS) Yield and Nitrate\nLoss Predictions for Wisconsin Maize Receiving Varied Amounts of Nitrogen\nFertilizer","volume":"32","author":"Kucharik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit57","unstructured":"Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.\n          \n          Estimated\nCosts of Crop Production in Iowa; 2016. https:\/\/www.extension.iastate.edu\/agdm\/crops\/pdf\/a1-20_2016.pdf (accessed 2023-06-06)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909075995900_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2011.562309","article-title":"Monitoring US Agriculture:\nThe US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics\nService, Cropland Data Layer Program","volume":"26","author":"Boryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geocarto\nInt."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10794","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02236","article-title":"Assessing\nMarginal Land Availability Based on Land Use Change Information in\nthe Contiguous United States","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092909075995900_cit60","article-title":"Policy Budget\nfor Cover Crops and the Lesson of Crop Insurance","volume":"12","author":"Zulauf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Farmdoc Daily"},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064251","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1064251","article-title":"Comparing Cover Crop\nResearch in Farmer-Led and Researcher-Led Experiments in the Western\nCorn Belt","volume":"7","author":"Koehler-Cole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2021.108264","article-title":"Assessing the Impacts of Cover Crops on Maize and Soybean Yield in\nthe U.S. Midwestern Agroecosystems","volume":"273","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Field Crops\nRes."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092909075995900_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-025-01599-5","article-title":"The Mixed\nEffects of Recent Cover Crop Adoption on US Cropland Productivity","volume":"8","author":"Lobell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2489\/jswc.72.3.226","article-title":"Corn Yield Response\nto Winter Cover Crops: An Updated\nMeta-Analysis","volume":"72","author":"Marcillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011201","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1011201","article-title":"Farmer Perspectives about Cover Crops by Non-Adopters","volume":"7","author":"Myers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit66","unstructured":"Robertson, A.\n          \n          Iowa State University\nResearchers Gain Understanding of the Winter Rye-Cover Crops Yield\nProblem; Iowa State University. https:\/\/www.cals.iastate.edu\/news\/2016\/iowa-state-university-researchers-gain-understanding-winter-rye-cover-crops-yield-problem (accessed 2026-07-06)."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit67","unstructured":"USDA.\n          \n          Agricultural\nMarketing Service Reports; United States\nDepartment of Agriculture. https:\/\/mymarketnews.ams.usda.gov\/filerepo\/reports (accessed\n2024-04-03)."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026092909075995900_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL100249","article-title":"Recent Rapid\nIncrease of Cover Crop\nAdoption Across the U.S. Midwest Detected by Fusing Multi-Source Satellite\nData","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit69","unstructured":"CTIC.\n          \n          Conservation Technology Information\nCenter. https:\/\/www.ctic.org\/ (accessed\n2024-04-12)."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit70","volume-title":"Billion-Ton Report: an\nAssessment of U.S. Renewable Carbon Resources","author":"U.S. Department of Energy.","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit71","unstructured":"USDA.\n          \n          Fertilizer Use and Price. Economic\nResearch\nService, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)\n          https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/fertilizer-use-and-price (accessed 2026-08-11)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909075995900_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.13021","article-title":"Determining\nSpatially Varying Profit-Maximizing\nManagement Practices for Miscanthus and Switchgrass Production in\nthe Rainfed United States","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170041","DOI":"10.2134\/ael2017.11.0041","article-title":"Harvesting\nFertilized\nRye Cover Crop: Simulated Revenue, Net Energy, and Drainage Nitrogen\nLoss","volume":"3","author":"Malone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Environ. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092909075995900_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/AGRICULTURE12101691\/S1","article-title":"Rye as an Energy\nCover Crop: Management, Forage Quality,\nand Revenue Opportunities for Feed and Bioenergy","volume":"12","author":"Herbstritt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742170523000388","article-title":"Does Grazing\nWinter Cereal Rye in Iowa, USA, Make It\nProfitable?","volume":"38","author":"Plastina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renewable Agric. And Food Syst."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit76","unstructured":"Iowa State University Extension.\n          \n          Considerations for\nChoosing a Harvesting System for Cereal Rye Biomass. https:\/\/crops.extension.iastate.edu\/encyclopedia\/considerations-choosing-harvesting-system-cereal-rye-biomass (accessed 2026-08-10)."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit77","unstructured":"Iowa Nutrient Reduction\nStrategy. Strategy documents-Tracking the\nIowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy. https:\/\/www.nutrientstrategy.iastate.edu\/documents (accessed 2026-08-10)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909075995900_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2307\/1242968","article-title":"Dynamic Fertilizer\nNutrient Demands for Corn: A Cointegrated\nand Error-Correcting System","volume":"75","author":"Denbaly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2115532","article-title":"Nitrogen in\nAgricultural Systems:\nImplications for Conservation Policy","author":"Ribaudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"USDA-ERS\nEconomic. Res. Rep."},{"key":"2026092909075995900_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113739","article-title":"Economic and Environmental Nitrate\nLeaching Consequences of 4R Nitrogen Management Practices Including\nUse of Inhibitors for Corn Production in Ontario","volume":"300","author":"De Laporte","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05400","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/38\/27124\/68507912\/acs.est.6c05400.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/38\/27124\/68507912\/acs.est.6c05400.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:03:29Z","timestamp":1790690609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/38\/27124\/5429802\/Unintended-Consequences-of-Biomass-Markets-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05400","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}