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Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-2024-22523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-2024-22523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-EE0009260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-EE0009260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Graphite demand is projected to double by 2040, yet the United States relies heavily on imports, motivating domestic biographite production from abundant lignocellulosic residues. However, large-scale biographite production is hindered by uncertain environmental and economic implications. We address the challenge by developing a spatially explicit societal life cycle cost (sLCC) framework that integrates regionalized techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). We apply the method to assess U.S. biographite production across various process designs and location choices. TEA and LCA identify process pathway, electricity, catalysts, feedstocks, and byproduct upgrades as key factors influencing biographite\u2019s sustainability performance. Biographite production in most states is cost-competitive ($4.1\u20135.4\/kg), but its environmental advantages over market synthetic graphite vary by location and impact category. sLCC reveals that biographite production in the Eastern U.S. is \u223c18% more preferable than market synthetic graphite, while benefits are limited in Pacific and Upper regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:01:35Z","timestamp":1790434895000},"page":"28596-28609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A\nSpatially Explicit Societal Life Cycle Cost Framework\nfor Sustainable Biographite Production in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Hannah Szu-Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , 380 Edwards Street , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06511"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Gonzalez-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University , , 2820 Faucette Dr , , ,","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, 27607"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-9061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunkyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University , , 2820 Faucette Dr , , ,","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, 27607"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-2030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , 380 Edwards Street , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06511"]},{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06511"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, G. 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(accessed 1 September\n1, 2025)."},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit5","unstructured":"Survey, U. S. G.\n          \n          Mineral\nCommodity Summaries 2024. Mineral Commodity Summaries\n          2024; https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/publication\/mcs202410.3133\/mcs2024. (accessed August 20, 2025)."},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-025-00848-5","article-title":"Graphite:\nthe new critical mineral","volume":"11","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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Rep."},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202406669","article-title":"Sustainable Production\nof Biomass-Derived Graphite\nand Graphene Conductive Inks from Biochar","volume":"20","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11853-x","article-title":"Sustainable\nconversion\nof biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite","volume":"12","author":"Banek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/sus2.139","article-title":"Establishment of green\ngraphite industry: Graphite from biomass and its various applications","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"SusMat"},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2025.124149","article-title":"Catalytic graphitization\nof engineered pyrolysis bio-oil for sustainable graphite and hydrogen\nCo-production","volume":"256","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9435","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c09286","article-title":"High-Purity Biomass-Derived\nSynthetic Graphite: Catalyst-Free Industrial Synthesis and Applications","volume":"11","author":"Gulas","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst14110914","article-title":"Comparative\nAnalysis of Graphitization Characteristics in Bamboo and Oak Charcoals\nfor Secondary Battery Anodes","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"2026101310171039400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202200047","article-title":"A Comparative Techno-Economic\nand Lifecycle Analysis of Biomass-Derived Anode Materials for Lithium-\nand Sodium-Ion Batteries","volume":"6","author":"Trotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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