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The recalcitrant portion of the DOC (RDOC) is a critical contributor to carbon sequestration and a major knowledge gap. We investigate the production and bioavailability of DOC released from Saccharina latissima, a primary cultivar in Europe, with a focus on RDOC quantification. DOC release rates were 0.5\u20131.4 mg C g(dw)\u22121 h\u20131 within 24 h, and concentrations stabilized after 187 days of biodegradation, at 37\u201379% (mean 58%) from initial levels. The kelp released 920 (17%) unique compounds, including large quantities of sulfur-containing molecules (CHOS, CHONS). Increasing recalcitrance was observed in kelp and control treatments, despite small variations in CRAM molecules. Microbial biodegradation generated 1,805 (34%) new molecules, including 1,207 in the recalcitrant DOM fraction. Island of Stability (IOS) analysis revealed an intensity-weighted abundance of 0.2% RDOC in kelp treatments, with persistence on geological time scales. Beyond its biomass applications, macroalgae cultivation enables scalable CO2 sequestration in the oceans through RDOC production from continuous release and degradation of DOC and POC during grow-out, in itself a value-added product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:02:24Z","timestamp":1786460544000},"page":"23268-23281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Production, Biodegradation,\nand Recalcitrance of Organic\nCarbon from Cultivated\n                    <i>Saccharina latissima<\/i>\n                    in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4098-357X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luiza","family":"Neves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, NO-7491"]},{"name":"SINTEF Ocean AS, Sealab , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, 7010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Aker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, NO-7491"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Aldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Ocean AS, Sealab , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, 7010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deni","family":"Ribic\u030cic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture, SINTEF Ocean AS, Sealab , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, 7010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Brunsvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry AS , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, NO-7465"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Jacob","family":"Broch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Ocean AS, Sealab , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, 7010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorunn","family":"Skjermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Ocean AS, Sealab , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, 7010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat Van","family":"Ardelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU , , ,","place":["Trondheim, Norway, NO-7491"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026083119450863500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.109","article-title":"Dissolved\nOrganic Matter in the Ocean: A Controversy 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Cycle","volume":"47","author":"DeVries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annual Review of Environment and\nResources"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119450863500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fss206","article-title":"Installing kelp\nforests\/seaweed beds for mitigation\nand adaptation against global warming: Korean Project Overview","volume":"70","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"ICES Journal of Marine Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083119450863500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00773-9","article-title":"A seaweed\naquaculture imperative\nto meet global sustainability targets","volume":"5","author":"Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature\nSustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083119450863500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/26388081.2022.2025617","article-title":"Using macroalgae to address UN Sustainable Development\ngoals 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