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Here, we proposed an ecological strategy that transformed backwash from a cleaning procedure into a microbiome engineering tool, thereby simultaneously addressing both challenges. Our findings provided evidence for the major microbial sources in permeate, including membrane breakthrough, detachment from the membrane permeate side, and from downstream pipeline surfaces. High-salinity backwash (100 mM NaCl) suppressed the latter two dominant sources, reducing permeate total cell counts (TCC) by more than 50%. It also enhanced the removal of assimilable organic carbon (AOC), thereby limiting microbial regrowth in the permeate by 32% during 40 day storage. Under pathogen shock loading, the salinity-driven biocake layer accelerated pathogen inactivation, reduced pathogen accumulation by 86.9%, and thereby prevented pathogen leakage into the permeate. The mechanism analysis revealed that NaCl reshaped the biocake microbiome, enhancing deterministic assembly. This functionally specialized consortium showed strengthened cooperation and upregulated key metabolic pathways, enabling synergistic AOC degradation. In addition, it suppressed pathogen invasion through superior carbon competitiveness and secretion of antimicrobial metabolites. This work provided an ecological engineering approach to enhance both biostability and biosafety in ultrafiltration-based water reuse systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T04:58:05Z","timestamp":1784523485000},"page":"20813-20824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salinity-Driven\nMicrobial Community Engineering for\nSafer Ultrafiltration Water Reuse"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District , ,","place":["Harbin, P. R. China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9906-4837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"An","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District , ,","place":["Harbin, P. R. China, 150090"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District , ,","place":["Harbin, P. R. China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District , ,","place":["Harbin, P. R. China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong , , Pokfulam , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, SAR 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-2932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bart","family":"Van der Bruggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS) , , KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F , ,","place":["Leuven, Belgium, B-3001"]},{"name":"Korea University , , 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-Gu , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea, 02841"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7932-6462","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chuyang Y.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong , , Pokfulam , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, SAR 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7185","key":"2026080409312881600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06599","article-title":"Science and technology for water\npurification in the coming decades","volume":"452","author":"Shannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat."},{"key":"2026080409312881600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120389","article-title":"Reclaimed water influences\nbacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos communities\ndifferently in river networks","volume":"243","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026080409312881600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.04.045","article-title":"Presence of\nbiofilms on ultrafiltration membrane surfaces increases the quality\nof permeate produced during ultra-low pressure gravity-driven membrane\nfiltration","volume":"60","author":"Derlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409312881600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.09.051","article-title":"Evaluation\nof microbial\nregrowth potential by assimilable organic carbon in various reclaimed\nwater and distribution systems","volume":"47","author":"Thayanukul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026080409312881600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140116","article-title":"Pipe material significantly affected\nmicrobial regrowth and potential risks in reclaimed water distribution\nsystems","volume":"499","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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