{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T17:27:07Z","timestamp":1787074027412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3708302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3708302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22188102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22188102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22193050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22193050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22425041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22425041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YSBR-086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSBR-086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The adverse respiratory health effects of particulate matter (PM) are well documented, yet real-world exposure and deposition within the human respiratory system remain poorly quantified. Here, we report a wearable device capable of simultaneously collecting PM from inhaled and exhaled breath to directly assess particle deposition under real-world conditions. Designed as a face mask, the device draws ambient air for inhalation while capturing exhaled aerosol, enabling direct comparison between inhaled and exhaled particles. Laboratory validation confirmed efficient collection of exhaled particles with minimal interference from ambient air. We deployed the device in subway environments, where 12 healthy volunteers participated in real-world exposure scenarios. Distinct differences in particle-size distributions between inhaled and exhaled breath were observed, indicating particle deposition and transformation within the respiratory tract. On average, \u223c66% of inhaled PM is deposited in the respiratory system, with the highest deposition for particles smaller than 1.0 \u03bcm (PM1). Elemental analysis showed that metallic elements, including Fe, Cu, and Pb, dominated subway PM, and their deposition varied with individual characteristics such as lung function and exercise habits. These findings provide real-time evidence of PM deposition in humans and highlight the potential of wearable technologies for real-time assessment of air-pollution exposure and health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:37:12Z","timestamp":1785854232000},"page":"22781-22790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a\nWearable Device for Precise Assessment\nof Particle Deposition in the Human Respiratory System"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xi-En","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Jianghan University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430056"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cha","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1452-8891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaowei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-7961","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]},{"name":"Jianghan University , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430056"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6335-3917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guibin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310024"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2026081810401507600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70487-X","article-title":"The carcinogenicity of outdoor air\npollution","volume":"14","author":"Loomis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"issue":"10258","key":"2026081810401507600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global\nburden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and\nterritories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global\nBurden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Aravkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810401507600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.5c00203","article-title":"PM2.5 Composition\nExposure and Cardiovascular\nDisease: A Multicohort Study Integrating Disease Incidence and Biomarkers","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810401507600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.5c00228","article-title":"Ambient Ultrafine Particulate\nAir Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810401507600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-18-2125-2025","article-title":"A modular approach to volatile organic compound samplers\nfor tethered balloon and drone platforms","volume":"18","author":"Guagenti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos.\nMeas. Tech."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081810401507600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-16-4681-2023","article-title":"Portable,\nlow-cost samplers for distributed sampling of atmospheric gases","volume":"16","author":"Hurley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. 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Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810401507600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1021\/ac802055k","article-title":"Airway Monitoring\nby Collection and\nMass Spectrometric Analysis of Exhaled Particles","volume":"81","author":"Almstrand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026081810401507600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11543","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02118","article-title":"Solid-Phase\nMicroextraction Fiber in Face Mask for in Vivo Sampling and Direct\nMass Spectrometry Analysis of Exhaled Breath Aerosol","volume":"92","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. 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Drug\nDelivery"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081810401507600_cit27","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Human Exposure Factors of Chinese\nPeople in Environmental Health\nRisk Assessment","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810401507600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09975","article-title":"Atmospheric\naerosol particle size distribution from Lidar data based\non the lognormal distribution mode","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.10.045","article-title":"Oxidative potential\nof subway PM 2.5","volume":"148","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810401507600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10080472","article-title":"Current Status,\nChallenges and Resilient Response to Air Pollution in Urban Subway","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.06.016","article-title":"Air quality inside subway metro indoor environment worldwide: A review","volume":"107","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145105","article-title":"Organophosphate esters\nin airborne particles from subway\nstations","volume":"769","author":"Olivero-Verbel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081810401507600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11155","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c01386","article-title":"Spatiotemporal\nVariations and Sources\nof Airborne Particulate Matter in Urban Metro Platforms and Carriages\nin China","volume":"59","author":"Shu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810401507600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-0970-9","article-title":"Exhaled particles and small airways","volume":"20","author":"Bake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-026-01942-1","article-title":"Low-smoke\nfuels for residential heating linked to an increase in ultrafine particle\nemissions","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2017.08.005","article-title":"Aerosol dynamics model for the simulation\nof hygroscopic growth and deposition of inhaled NaCl particles in\nthe human respiratory tract","volume":"113","author":"Winkler-Heil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810401507600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01476.x","article-title":"Condensational growth\nof combination drug-excipient\nsubmicrometer particles for targeted high-efficiency pulmonary delivery:\nevaluation of formulation and delivery device","volume":"64","author":"Hindle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081810401507600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7444-0","article-title":"Concentrations,\nproperties, and health risk of PM2.5 in the Tianjin City subway system","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.07.034","article-title":"Aerosol sources\nin subway environments","volume":"167","author":"Minguillo\u0301n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810401507600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30028-7","article-title":"Effect\nof long-term\nexposure to fine particulate matter on lung function decline and risk\nof chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taiwan: a longitudinal,\ncohort study","volume":"2","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026081810401507600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33724","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3253-y","article-title":"Submicron particle\nnumber doses in the human respiratory\ntract: implications for urban traffic and background environments","volume":"25","author":"Voliotis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810401507600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2004.17.213","article-title":"Modeling\nAge-Related Particle Deposition\nin Humans","volume":"17","author":"Asgharian","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810401507600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2072-1439.2012.08.03","article-title":"Theoretical\nmodels of carcinogenic particle deposition and clearance in children\u2019s\nlungs","volume":"4","author":"Sturm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810401507600_cit44","first-page":"77","article-title":"Age-dependence\nand intersubject variability of tracheobronchial particle clearance","volume":"24","author":"Sturm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pneumon"},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1426150","article-title":"Diet-microbiome\ninteractions influence lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary\ndisease","volume":"3","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiomes"},{"key":"2026081810401507600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S584577","article-title":"Gut-Lung Axis in\nCOPD: Investigating\nthe Impact of Dietary Fiber Intake on Systemic Inflammation and Lung\nFunction Decline","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstruct.\nPulm. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810401507600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2021.2019208","article-title":"Microbiome Links Cigarette Smoke-Induced\nChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Dietary Fiber via the Gut-Lung\nAxis: A Narrative Review","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chronic Obstruct.\nPulm. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810401507600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7339","article-title":"Nanotoxicology:\nAn Emerging Discipline\nEvolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles","volume":"113","author":"Oberdo\u0308rster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05543","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/32\/22781\/66366802\/acs.est.6c05543.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/32\/22781\/66366802\/acs.est.6c05543.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:37:23Z","timestamp":1787071043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/32\/22781\/5239819\/Development-of-a-Wearable-Device-for-Precise"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05543","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}