{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:36:55Z","timestamp":1789000615019,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000582","name":"Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIG013244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIG013244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci?n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2023-151504OB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-151504OB-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Achieving the transition to net zero human greenhouse gas emissions requires a large increase in metal production by mining. Acid mine drainage (AMD) neutralization is a potentially important but poorly quantified source of mining industry CO2 emissions. Here, we show that AMD neutralization-related CO2 emissions can be a major component of metal production carbon footprints. Data from the rivers and estuarine system draining the central and eastern Iberian Pyrite Belt show that AMD neutralization emits 32 \u00b1 11 kt CO2\/yr. Normalized to historic copper production rates, AMD-associated emissions (0.3\u20134.2 t CO2 per t Cu) are of similar magnitude as conventional copper production carbon footprints (1\u20139 t CO2 per t Cu). However, continual oxidative weathering of waste sulfide minerals will increase AMD-related CO2 emission budgets into the future. Complete oxidative weathering of waste sulfide minerals extracted from this region will yield AMD-related CO2 emissions (7\u2013165 t CO2 per t Cu) that exceed conventional Cu production carbon footprints by more than 1 order of magnitude. These findings highlight the need to account for AMD-related CO2 emissions from metal mining to support the transition toward net zero greenhouse gas emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:00:58Z","timestamp":1784721658000},"page":"20990-20998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carbon Dioxide Emissions\nfrom Acid Mine Drainage Neutralization\nAre a Major Component of Metal Mining Carbon Footprints"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Ko\u0142odziejski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews , , ,","place":["St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9TS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6861-2490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eva E.","family":"Stu\u0308eken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews , , ,","place":["St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9TS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sa\u0301nchez Lo\u0301pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huelva , , ,","place":["Huelva, Spain, 21071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-252X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose Miguel","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huelva , , ,","place":["Huelva, Spain, 21071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2860-5154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos R.","family":"Ca\u0301novas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huelva , , ,","place":["Huelva, Spain, 21071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-462X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael","family":"Pe\u0301rez-Lo\u0301pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Huelva , , ,","place":["Huelva, Spain, 21071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-6090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luke","family":"Bridgestock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of St Andrews , , ,","place":["St Andrews, U.K., KY16 9TS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-020-0531-3","article-title":"Transparency on greenhouse\ngas emissions from mining to enable climate change mitigation","volume":"13","author":"Azadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167371","article-title":"Sources and controls of greenhouse\ngases and heavy\nmetals in mine water: A continuing climate legacy","volume":"906","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s001260050130","article-title":"The volcanic-hosted\nmassive sulphide deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt Review and preface\nto the Thematic Issue: Review and preface to the Thematic Issue","volume":"33","author":"Leistel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Miner. 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Hydrochemical characteristics\nand pollutant load of the Tinto and Odiel rivers","volume":"20","author":"Nieto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Science Pollution Research"},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.06.005","article-title":"Hydrological modelling\nof a watershed affected by acid\nmine drainage (Odiel River, SW Spain). Assessment of the pollutant\ncontributing areas","volume":"540","author":"Galva\u0301n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrology"},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/min10070598","article-title":"The evolution of\npollutant concentrations in a river\nseverely affected by acid mine drainage: Ri\u0301o Tinto (SW Spain)","volume":"10","author":"Oli\u0301as","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit30","author":"Oli\u0301as","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Problem\nof Acid Mine Drainage in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB): Diagnosis\nand Treatment Measure"},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2189-5","article-title":"Geochemical behavior of metals and\nmetalloids in an estuary affected by acid mine drainage (AMD)","volume":"21","author":"Hierro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Science Pollution Research"},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.11.023","article-title":"Major hydrogeochemical\nprocesses in an acid mine drainage affected estuary","volume":"91","author":"Asta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. 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Hist."},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2007.01.014","article-title":"CO2 emissions of global\nmetal-industries: The case of copper","volume":"84","author":"Kuckshinrichs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied\nEnergy"},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2012.09.027","article-title":"Using sustainability reporting to\nassess the environmental footprint of copper mining","volume":"40","author":"Northey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"2026080409312863900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.224","article-title":"Life cycle\nassessment of a passive\nremediation system for acid mine drainage: Towards more sustainable\nmining activity","volume":"211","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05684","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/30\/20990\/65872297\/acs.est.6c05684.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/30\/20990\/65872297\/acs.est.6c05684.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:31:43Z","timestamp":1785850303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/30\/20990\/5206320\/Carbon-Dioxide-Emissions-from-Acid-Mine-Drainage"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05684","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}