{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:06:21Z","timestamp":1790690781753,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012431","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CX [23]1007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX [23]1007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Provincial science and technology innovative program for carbon peak and carbon neutrality of Jiangsu of China","award":["BE2022422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022422"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Modern Agriculture Key Technology Integration and Promotion Project","award":["JCTG202529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTG202529"]}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2025YFE0103700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFE0103700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aquaculture ponds constitute critical greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hotspots, yet limited research has concurrently quantified CH4, CO2, and N2O fluxes across sediment\u2013water (SWI) and water\u2013atmosphere (WAI) interfaces and their environmental and microbial controls under different aquaculture regimes. This study explored seasonal and diurnal GHG variations in four subtropical freshwater aquaculture ponds (Crucian carp, CruC; Largemouth bass, LarB; Channel catfish, ChaC; and in-pond raceway system of channel catfish, IPRS) in eastern China. SWI dominated CH4 diffusion, with an average flux of 139.1 \u00b1 120.98 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u20132\u00b7h\u20131, nearly 20 times the WAI CH4 flux. In contrast, WAI contributed 88.3% and 88% of total diffusive CO2 and N2O, respectively. CruC yielded the highest CH4 emissions (20267.06 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u20132\u00b7h\u20131) and N2O emissions (8.73 \u03bcmol\u00b7m\u20132\u00b7h\u20131), while the IPRS exhibited the lowest, modulated primarily by temperature and sediment properties. Diurnally, FCH4 peaked in the daytime, whereas CO2 emissions were elevated at night, controlled by dissolved oxygen and pH. NMDS separated CH4 and N2O cycling microbial communities (mcrA, pmoA, nirS, nirK, nosZ) among pond types. PLS\u2013PM verified sediment total nitrogen (STN) as the foremost positive driver of GHG fluxes across all interfaces. Our results confirm SWI predominance in diffusive CH4 production and demonstrate that interface partitioning is essential for refining regional aquatic carbon and nitrogen budgets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:09:32Z","timestamp":1789459772000},"page":"27215-27225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drivers of Seasonal\nVariations of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes\nfrom Sediment\u2013Water and Water\u2013Atmosphere Interfaces\nin Different Fish Culture Ponds"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hohai University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-6394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingfei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azizov Farukh","family":"Fathulloevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tajik Agrarian University Named After Shirinsho Shotemur , , Rudaki ave. 146 , ,","place":["Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan, 734003"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshaeva Madina","family":"Zokirovna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tajik Agrarian University Named After Shirinsho Shotemur , , Rudaki ave. 146 , ,","place":["Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan, 734003"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Engineering , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211135"]},{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Engineering , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hohai University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2026092909073591200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-5301-2023","article-title":"Global\nCarbon Budget 2023","volume":"15","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. 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Earth Environ."},{"issue":"7944","key":"2026092909073591200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05500-8","article-title":"River ecosystem metabolism\nand carbon biogeochemistry\nin a changing world","volume":"613","author":"Battin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026092909073591200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8578","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09230","article-title":"Higher Apparent\nGas Transfer Velocities for CO2 Compared to CH4 in Small Lakes","volume":"57","author":"Pajala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909073591200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01789-6","article-title":"Organic carbon burial\nin global lakes and reservoirs","volume":"8","author":"Mendonc\u0327a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118520","article-title":"Bait input altered\nmicrobial community structure and\nincreased greenhouse gases production in coastal wetland sediment","volume":"218","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit8","volume-title":"State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2000","author":"FAO.","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit9","volume-title":"Bureau of Fisheries and Fishing Administration","author":"FAO.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092909073591200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-025-01156-5","article-title":"Foregone carbon\nsequestration dominates greenhouse gas footprint in aquaculture associated\nwith coastal wetland conversion","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Food."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172108","article-title":"Greenhouse gases emissions from aquaculture\nponds: Different emission patterns and key microbial processes affected\nby increased nitrogen loading","volume":"926","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122467","article-title":"Variability\nin N2O emission controls among different ponds within a\nhilly watershed","volume":"267","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909073591200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01109.x","article-title":"Soil-atmospheric\nexchange of CO2, CH4, and N2O in\nthree subtropical forest ecosystems in southern China","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152867","article-title":"Carbon dioxide uptake\noverrides methane emission at the air-water interface of algae-shellfish\nmariculture ponds: Evidence from eddy covariance observations","volume":"815","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116739","article-title":"Methane and nitrous oxide have separated production\nzones and distinct emission pathways in freshwater aquaculture ponds","volume":"190","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.107995","article-title":"Insights into the farming-season\ncarbon budget of coastal earthen aquaculture ponds in southeastern\nChina","volume":"335","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric., Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143495","article-title":"Spatial variations\nin diffusive methane\nfluxes and the role of eutrophication in a subtropical shallow lake","volume":"759","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130020","article-title":"Sediment physicochemical and dissolved organic matter\ncontrol microbial responses and nitrous oxide emissions across a coastal\nwetland transition from invasion to reclamation","volume":"409","author":"Cao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage"},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116985","article-title":"Effects of phytoplankton\nblooms on fluxes and emissions of greenhouse gases in a eutrophic\nlake","volume":"196","author":"Bartosiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123240","article-title":"Human-induced\nN-P imbalances will\naggravate GHG emissions from lakes and reservoirs under persisting\neutrophication","volume":"276","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.129477","article-title":"Mitigating in-pond greenhouse gas\nemissions in prawn farms through integrated multitrophic aquaculture\nsystem","volume":"404","author":"Bashar","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage"},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2025.108201","article-title":"Low carbon footprint\nof Nile tilapia farming with recirculation aquaculture","volume":"217","author":"Melo Ju\u0301nior","year":"2025","journal-title":"Resour., Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130330","article-title":"Seasonal\nvariations in source-sink balance of CO2 in subtropical\nearthen aquaculture ponds: Implications for carbon emission management","volume":"626","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124064","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis\nof greenhouse gases emissions and microbial dynamics in glacier-fed\nlakes across various ablation stages","volume":"285","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026092909073591200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15661","article-title":"Identifying dominant environmental\npredictors of freshwater wetland methane fluxes across diurnal to\nseasonal time scales","volume":"27","author":"Knox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115086","article-title":"Methane emissions from aqueous sediments\nare influenced by complex interactions among microbes and environmental\nfactors: A modeling study","volume":"166","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909073591200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.121210","article-title":"Effect of CO2 aeration and high light\nintensity on the performance of CO2 absorption-microalgae conversion\nsystem","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2026.147711","article-title":"A combined in situ\u2013ex situ\nassessment of fish feed fate and associated carbon emissions","volume":"544","author":"Soranc\u0327o","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122822","article-title":"Divergent\nimpacts of animal bioturbation on methane and nitrous oxide emissions\nfrom mariculture ponds","volume":"270","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909073591200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2654","article-title":"Large contribution to inland water\nCO2 and\nCH4 emissions from very small ponds","volume":"9","author":"Holgerson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123533","article-title":"Methane cycling in\ntypical emerging proglacial lakes on the Tibetan Plateau: Insights\ninto the metabolic mechanisms mediated by microorganisms","volume":"280","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124732","article-title":"Revealing\nmicrobial pathways of N2O production in agricultural ditches","volume":"288","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111128","article-title":"Effects of\nstratification and mixing on spatiotemporal\ndynamics and functional potential of microbial community in a subtropical\nlarge-deep reservoir driven by nutrients and ecological niche","volume":"156","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"2026092909073591200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119833","article-title":"Iron oxides\nact as an alternative electron acceptor for aerobic methanotrophs\nin anoxic lake sediments","volume":"234","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05696","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/38\/27215\/68507256\/acs.est.6c05696.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/38\/27215\/68507256\/acs.est.6c05696.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:25:44Z","timestamp":1790688344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/38\/27215\/5429759\/Drivers-of-Seasonal-Variations-of-Greenhouse-Gas"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05696","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}