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Here, we conducted a multiyear study of dissolved total Hg (THg) and MeHg inputs to an Arctic coastal lagoon and present the first submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) flux estimates for Hg species in the Arctic, along with surface water fluxes. Rivers dominate dissolved Hg inputs to the lagoon during spring, but decline quickly following the spring freshet. Summertime SGD THg inputs are half that of river and runoff inputs at 500 \u00b1 220 \u03bcmol d\u20131 km\u20131, decreasing to 270 \u00b1 100 \u03bcmol d\u20131 km\u20131 in the autumn. Summertime SGD inputs of MeHg exceed springtime maximum riverine inputs to the lagoon, averaging 320 \u00b1 130 \u03bcmol d\u20131 km\u20131, followed by a decline to negligible levels by late autumn. These results demonstrate that SGD could be the dominant source of MeHg into coastal Arctic waters following the spring freshet, highlighting a need to revisit the Arctic Hg and MeHg budgets, particularly as warming increases groundwater mobilization and methylation of Hg.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:31:59Z","timestamp":1784014319000},"page":"20384-20397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inorganic\nand Methylmercury Inputs to Arctic Coastal\nWaters from Submarine Groundwater Discharge"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1161-4599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma J.","family":"Bullock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography\/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering , , ,","place":["Cambridge and Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States, 02543"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-4931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut , , , ,","place":["Groton, Connecticut, United States, 06340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel V.","family":"Schaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography\/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering , , ,","place":["Cambridge and Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States, 02543"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6059-3771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily M.","family":"Bristol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Port Aransas, Texas, United States, 78373"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Bayani","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin , , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78712"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States, 02543"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Charette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , , , ,","place":["Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States, 02543"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.11.046","article-title":"What are the toxicological\neffects of mercury in Arctic biota?","volume":"443","author":"Dietz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit2","article-title":"AMAP Assessment 2018: Biological\nEffects of Contaminants\non Arctic Wildlife and Fish","author":"AMAP.","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit3","article-title":"Global Mercury Assessment 2018","author":"UN-Environment.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22997","article-title":"Tundra uptake\nof atmospheric elemental mercury drives Arctic mercury pollution","volume":"547","author":"Obrist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00269-w","article-title":"Arctic mercury cycling","volume":"3","author":"Dastoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157445","article-title":"Arctic methylmercury\ncycling","volume":"850","author":"Jonsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG003132","article-title":"The atmospheric\nrole in the Arctic water cycle: A review on processes, past and future\nchanges, and their impacts","volume":"121","author":"Vihma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Biogeosci."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08240-4","article-title":"Permafrost is warming\nat a global scale","volume":"10","author":"Biskaborn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00240-1","article-title":"The changing\nthermal state of permafrost","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.082","article-title":"Carbon and\nmercury export from the\nArctic rivers and response to permafrost degradation","volume":"161","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153715","article-title":"Climate change and mercury in the\nArctic: Abiotic interactions","volume":"824","author":"Che\u0301telat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072809091537600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/2015gb005280","article-title":"A mass budget for mercury and methylmercury in the\nArctic Ocean","volume":"30","author":"Soerensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2020.103855","article-title":"Mercury species export from the Arctic\nto the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"225","author":"Petrova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072809091537600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1021\/es4038484","article-title":"Dissolved Organic\nMatter Kinetically\nControls Mercury Bioavailability to Bacteria","volume":"48","author":"Chiasson-Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072809091537600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.1021\/es506274x","article-title":"Contrasting\nEffects of Marine and Terrestrially Derived Dissolved Organic Matter\non Mercury Speciation and Bioavailability in Seawater","volume":"49","author":"Schartup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072809091537600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04909","article-title":"Aerobic and\nAnaerobic Bacterial Mercury Uptake is Driven by Algal Organic Matter\nComposition and Molecular Weight","volume":"53","author":"Mangal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/380694a0","article-title":"Photodegradation\nof methylmercury in lakes","volume":"380","author":"Seller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026072809091537600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10514","DOI":"10.1021\/es300576p","article-title":"Methylmercury\nCycling in High Arctic Wetland Ponds: Sources and Sinks","volume":"46","author":"Lehnherr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.049","article-title":"Methylmercury photodemethylation\nis inhibited in lakes with high dissolved organic matter","volume":"232","author":"Klapstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-017-2236-x","article-title":"Methylmercury\nBiogeochemistry in Freshwater Ecosystems:\nA Review Focusing on DOM and Photodemethylation","volume":"100","author":"Klapstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bulletin Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120308-081019","article-title":"The Effect\nof Submarine Groundwater Discharge on the Ocean","volume":"2","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2019.00141","article-title":"Submarine\nGroundwater Discharge: Updates on its Measurement Techniques, Geophysical\nDrivers, Magnitudes, and Effects","volume":"7","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Environ.\nSci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072809091537600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2012.57.5.1415","article-title":"The \u201csalt\nwedge pump\u201d: Convection-driven pore-water exchange as a source\nof dissolved organic and inorganic carbon and nitrogen to an estuary","volume":"57","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2021.103681","article-title":"Radium isotopes as\nsubmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) tracers: Review and recommendations","volume":"220","author":"Garcia-Orellana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. 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Rev.\nEarth Environ."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026072809091537600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20653","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c07191","article-title":"Unveiling\nHidden Mercury and Methylmercury\nSources: The Role of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Coastal Lagoons","volume":"59","author":"Lavergne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072809091537600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1021\/es0622453","article-title":"Has Submarine Groundwater\nDischarge Been Overlooked as a Source of Mercury to Coastal Waters?","volume":"41","author":"Bone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026072809091537600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9891","DOI":"10.1021\/es202093z","article-title":"Mass Balance of Total\nMercury and Monomethylmercury in Coastal Embayments of a Volcanic\nIsland: Significance of Submarine Groundwater Discharge","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.01.012","article-title":"Mercury\ndynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, O\u0301ahu, Hawai\u0301i","volume":"140","author":"Ganguli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072809091537600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology4030041","article-title":"Groundwater\nDischarge in the Arctic: A Review of Studies and Implications for\nBiogeochemistry","volume":"4","author":"Lecher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrology"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026072809091537600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GL109142","article-title":"Coastal\nSupra-Permafrost Aquifers of the Arctic and Their Significant Groundwater,\nCarbon, and Nitrogen Fluxes","volume":"51","author":"Demir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072809091537600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12585","article-title":"Seasonality of submarine\ngroundwater\ndischarge to an Arctic coastal lagoon","volume":"69","author":"Bullock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Limnol.\nOceanogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072809091537600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08206","article-title":"Supra-Permafrost Groundwater is a\nSource of Highly Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Matter to the Arctic\nOcean","volume":"60","author":"Bristol","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15250-8","article-title":"Groundwater\nas a major source of dissolved organic matter to Arctic coastal waters","volume":"11","author":"Connolly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026072809091537600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb5083","article-title":"Absence\nof ice-bonded permafrost beneath an Arctic\nlagoon revealed by electrical geophysics","volume":"6","author":"Pedrazas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci.\nAdv."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072809091537600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2025WR041790","article-title":"Hydrological and thermal dynamics\nof a supra-permafrost subterranean estuary","volume":"62","author":"Demir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2022.104745","article-title":"Nearshore bathymetric\nchanges along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast and possible physical\ndrivers","volume":"242","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072809091537600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094042","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/acf0d8","article-title":"Wind - modulated groundwater discharge along a microtidal\nArctic coastline","volume":"18","author":"Guimond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026072809091537600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(78)90018-X","article-title":"Arctic continental\nshelf morphology\nrelated to sea-ice zonation, Beaufort Sea, Alaska","volume":"28","author":"Reimnitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072809091537600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683617752845","article-title":"A multi-proxy\ninvestigation of late-Holocene temperature change and climate-driven\nfluctuations in sediment sourcing: Simpson Lagoon, Alaska","volume":"28","author":"Hanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072809091537600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20065","article-title":"Sources of\nterrigenous inputs to surface sediments of the Colville River Delta\nand Simpson Lagoon, Beaufort Sea, Alaska","volume":"118","author":"Schreiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\nGeophys. Res.:Biogeosci."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM434.1","article-title":"The Water Budget\nof the Kuparuk River Basin, Alaska","volume":"6","author":"De\u0301ry","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit45","unstructured":"USDA.\n          , 2023. Precipitation, Accumulated, Prudhoe\nBay, AK. 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Res."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit49","first-page":"1999","article-title":"Hydrographic\nData","author":"Arp","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9145","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR020567","article-title":"Recent\nextreme runoff observations from coastal arctic watersheds in Alaska","volume":"53","author":"Stuefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180906","article-title":"Saltwater\ninundation\u2019s concurrent effects on below-ground thermal hydrology\nand above-ground properties of Arctic coastal tundra","volume":"1008","author":"Spera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072809091537600_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2014.12.1","article-title":"Determination\nof monomethylmercury\nfrom seawater with ascorbic acid-assisted direct ethylation","volume":"12","author":"Munson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.:Methods"},{"key":"2026072809091537600_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1021\/ac049118e","article-title":"Determination of methylmercury in\nenvironmental matrixes by on-line flow injection and atomic fluorescence\nspectrometry","volume":"76","author":"Tseng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072809091537600_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1021\/es071301c","article-title":"Evaluation of Statistical Treatments of Left-Censored\nEnvironmental Data using Coincident Uncensored Data Sets: I. 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