{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:21Z","timestamp":1792784661972,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002412","name":"Xi?an Jiaotong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ND6J018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ND6J018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2025YFE0207000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFE0207000"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52576227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52576227"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a highly promising thermochemical technology for converting wet biomass into bioliquid fuels. However, the effects of ash content in process performance and sustainability remain poorly understood. This study examined acid washing, alkali washing, and feedstock blending as methods for altering the ash content in a given biomass feedstock. Machine learning tools were employed in sustainability assessment for a 200 t\/day plant, using life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis. Feedstock blending best reduced ash content (ash from 34.4 to 6.40 wt %). Ash content had opposing effects on product yield and oil quality. Across ash contents of 3.60\u201334.4 wt %, the oil higher heating value consistently rose, whereas oil yield initially increased then declined. The char yield followed an opposite trend. Integrated environmental and economic assessment identified 6.40 wt % ash as the optimal HTL condition for sludge and Chlorella. Under a boundary excluding biomass cultivation and harvesting, this condition gave an energy return on investment of 3.21 and a global warming potential of \u2212317 kg CO2 eq\/t dry biomass. The minimum fuel selling price was 0.517 $\/L. These results show that reducing biomass ash content is not always advantageous. Feedstock blending demonstrated substantial benefits for large-scale oil production from high-ash biomass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c05758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:10:47Z","timestamp":1788451847000},"page":"25426-25438","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Ash Content\nin Biomass Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nthrough Machine Learning and Sustainability Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Tonggui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0076-3078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donghai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-3744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phillip E.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University , , , ,","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-8429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lili","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu University , , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest University , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, PR China, 710069"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ling","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China, 710049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit1","unstructured":"United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs.\n          \n          The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2025; 2025. https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2025\/."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit2","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs.\n          \n          Transforming\nOur World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; 2015. https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda."},{"issue":"PB","key":"2026091511110405700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113976","article-title":"Biomass to Biofuels Using Hydrothermal Liquefaction:\nA Comprehensive Review","volume":"189","author":"Shahbeik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renewable Sustainable\nEnergy Rev."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/een-0025-0008","article-title":"Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin Derivatives\non Heterogeneous Catalysts","volume":"1","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Environ.\nNexus"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2025.116086","article-title":"Hydrothermal\nLiquefaction of Sewage Sludge: A Comprehensive Review of Biocrude\nOil Production, Byproducts Valorization, and Future Perspectives","volume":"224","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"issue":"May","key":"2026091511110405700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecmx.2025.101096","article-title":"Energy Conversion\nand Management: X Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wastewater-Grown Algae\nto Produce Synthetic Aviation Fuel: A Combined Experimental Study\nand Techno-Economic Assessment \u2606","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy\nConvers. Manage."},{"issue":"April","key":"2026091511110405700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.118716","article-title":"Renewable\nDiesel Blends Production\nfrom Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: A Novel Approach Coupling\nFractional Distillation and Emulsification","volume":"314","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/een-0025-0010","article-title":"Enhancing H2 and CH4\nProduction with Biochar Addition in Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion\nof Food Waste","volume":"1","author":"Sugiarto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Nexus"},{"issue":"May","key":"2026091511110405700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2023.106057","article-title":"High-Quality Bio-Oil Production via\nCatalytic Pyrolysis of Biocrude Oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nof Microalgae Spirulina","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127958","article-title":"Hydrothermal\nCarbonization of Food\nWaste as Sustainable Energy Conversion Path","volume":"363","author":"Son","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091511110405700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7193","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00673","article-title":"Hydrothermal\nTreatment of Biomass Feedstocks for Sustainable Production of Chemicals,\nFuels, and Materials: Progress and Perspectives","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. 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Manage."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128860","article-title":"Bioresource Technology\nMicroalgae Bio-Oil Production by Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Liquefaction:\nMechanism Characteristics","volume":"376","author":"Sirohi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biores. Technol."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123965","article-title":"Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization\nof Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Protein with Aqueous Phase Recirculation:\nInsight into the Reaction Mechanisms on Hydrochar Formation","volume":"251","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17310","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.3c02868","article-title":"Precise\nPrediction of Biochar Yield and Proximate Analysis by Modern Machine\nLearning and SHapley Additive ExPlanations","volume":"37","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.147429","article-title":"Ash Chemistry\nin Chemical\nLooping Process for Biomass Valorization: A Review","volume":"478","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.07.036","article-title":"Ash Contents\nand Ash-Forming Elements of Biomass and Their Significance for Solid\nBiofuel Combustion","volume":"208","author":"Vassilev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511110405700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2013.02.045","article-title":"Accounting\nfor the Thermal Resistance of Cooling Water Fouling in Plate Heat\nExchangers","volume":"61","author":"Arsenyeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"ATE"},{"issue":"February","key":"2026091511110405700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121869","article-title":"Macro-Characteristics\nand Micro-Mechanisms of Na2SO4 Precipitation\nDissolved by KNO3Molten Salt in a Continuous Supercritical Water System","volume":"259","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.06.191","article-title":"Comprehensive\nEvaluation on Product Characteristics of Fast Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nof Sewage Sludge at Different Temperatures","volume":"159","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.02.020","article-title":"Co-Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nof Microalgae and Sewage Sludge in Subcritical\nWater: Ash Effects on Bio-Oil Production","volume":"138","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renewable\nEnergy"},{"issue":"June","key":"2026091511110405700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137838","article-title":"Incorporating\nHydrothermal Liquefaction into Wastewater Treatment \u2013 Part\nI: Process Optimization for Energy Recovery and Evaluation of Product\nDistribution","volume":"449","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.07.096","article-title":"Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nof Barks into Bio-Crude - Effects of Species and Ash Content\/Composition","volume":"116","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.05.010","article-title":"Effect of Ash on\nHydrothermal Liquefaction of High-Ash Content Algal Biomass","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"issue":"June","key":"2026091511110405700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.08.058","article-title":"Effects of Inorganic and Organic Acid Pretreatments on the Hydrothermal\nLiquefaction of Municipal Secondary Sludge","volume":"174","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.3390\/en16052377","article-title":"Effect of Acid Pretreatment on the\nPrimary Products of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis","volume":"16","author":"Usino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"September","key":"2026091511110405700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.143808","article-title":"Two-Step\nMachine Learning-Aided Two-Stage Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass\nfor Bio-Oil Upgrading to Lower Nitrogen Content: Experimental Verification\nand Parameter Optimization","volume":"477","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128547","article-title":"Machine Learning for Hydrothermal\nTreatment of Biomass: A Review","volume":"370","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"February","key":"2026091511110405700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170779","article-title":"Predicting\nCo-Liquefaction Bio-Oil\nof Sewage Sludge and Algal Biomass via Machine Learning with Experimental\nOptimization: Focus on Yield, Nitrogen Content, and Energy Recovery\nRate","volume":"920","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"May","key":"2026091511110405700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130649","article-title":"Machine Learning\nAided Bio-Oil Production with High Energy Recovery and Low Nitrogen\nContent from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass with Experiment\nVerification","volume":"425","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511110405700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1021\/ef1003123","article-title":"Life-Cycle Assessment\nof Potential Algal Biodiesel\nProduction in the United Kingdom: A Comparison of Raceways and Air-Lift\nTubular Bioreactors","volume":"24","author":"Stephenson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit33","volume-title":"Wet Waste Hydrothermal Liquefaction and\nBiocrude Upgrading to Hydrocarbon Fuels: 2022 State of Technology","author":"Snowden-Swan","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.135026","article-title":"Machine-Learning-Aided Life Cycle\nAssessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nof Sewage Sludge for Bio-Oil Production","volume":"319","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"July","key":"2026091511110405700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113258","article-title":"Slow Pyrolysis\nas a Platform for Negative Emissions\nTechnology: An Integration of Machine Learning Models, Life Cycle\nAssessment, and Economic Analysis","volume":"223","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Convers.\nManage."},{"issue":"April","key":"2026091511110405700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.146104","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Optimization\nof Biocrude Oil Production from Microalgae via Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nUsing Genetic Algorithms","volume":"520","author":"Karimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.10.138","article-title":"Techno-Economic Analysis\nof Bio Heavy-Oil Production from Sewage\nSludge Using Supercritical and Subcritical Water","volume":"151","author":"Do","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renewable Energy"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit38","unstructured":"Ministry Of Ecology And Environment Of The People\u2019s\nRepublic\nOf China. Stable And Orderly Operation Of The National Carbon Market\nIn 2025 With Successful Completion Of Annual Construction Work; 2026.https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/ywgz\/ydqhbh\/wsqtkz\/202601\/t20260101_1139528.shtml."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117186","article-title":"Hydrochar\nDerived from Municipal Sludge through Hydrothermal Processing: A Critical\nReview on Its Formation, Characterization, and Valorization","volume":"199","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"January","key":"2026091511110405700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129300","article-title":"Phosphorus\nRecovery from Municipal Sludge-Derived Ash\nand Hydrochar through Wet-Chemical Technology: A Review towards Sustainable\nWaste Management","volume":"417","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102282","article-title":"Ash-Pretreatment\nand Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Filamentous Algae Grown on Dairy\nWastewater","volume":"57","author":"Audu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511110405700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.07.053","article-title":"Hydrothermal Carbonization: Temperature Influence on Hydrochar and\nAqueous Phase Composition during Process Water Recirculation","volume":"6","author":"Ko\u0308chermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.10.069","article-title":"Hydrothermal\nConversion of Xylose,\nGlucose, and Cellulose under the Catalysis of Transition Metal Sulfates","volume":"118","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2023.06.018","article-title":"Effect\nof Reaction Conditions and Biosolids\u2019 Content on the Produced\nRenewable Crude Oil via Hydrothermal Liquefaction","volume":"195","author":"Al-Juboori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.170589","article-title":"Hydrothermal\nCo-Liquefaction of Rye Straw, Shellfish, and Beef Tallow Using CaO-MgO-Apatite\nComposite Catalyst: Hybrid Models of Biomacromolecules under Sub-,\nnear, and Supercritical Conditions for Predicting Yield and Properties\nof Multiphase HTL Product","volume":"527","author":"Marrakchi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2026.125574","article-title":"Bio-Oil as a Promising\nProduct from Co-Liquefaction\nof Dairy Wastewater Grown Microalgae with Dairy Sludge: Study on Synergistic\nEffect and Sustainable Energy Generation","volume":"265","author":"Singh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Renewable\nEnergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091511110405700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1021\/sc4004983","article-title":"Life Cycle\nDesign of an Algal Biorefinery\nFeaturing Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Effect of Reaction Conditions\nand an Alternative Pathway Including Microbial Regrowth","volume":"2","author":"Orfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.10.111","article-title":"Hydrothermal Liquefaction\nof Mixed-Culture\nAlgal Biomass from Wastewater Treatment System into Bio-Crude Oil","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129854","article-title":"Machine-Learning-Aided Hydrochar\nProduction through Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass by Engineering\nOperating Parameters and\/or Biomass Mixture Recipes","volume":"288","author":"Leng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2015.09.003","article-title":"Ash-Related Issues during Biomass Combustion: Alkali-Induced\nSlagging, Silicate Melt-Induced Slagging (Ash Fusion), Agglomeration,\nCorrosion, Ash Utilization, and Related Countermeasures","volume":"52","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"2026091511110405700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142383","article-title":"Bioenergy\nRecovery from Wastewater\nProduced by Hydrothermal Processing Biomass: Progress, Challenges,\nand Opportunities","volume":"748","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05758","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/36\/25426\/68187027\/acs.est.6c05758.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/36\/25426\/68187027\/acs.est.6c05758.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:53:33Z","timestamp":1789487613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/36\/25426\/5404582\/Optimizing-Ash-Content-in-Biomass-Hydrothermal"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c05758","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}