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Specifically, our study focuses on free-living marine microbial communities (0.8\u20135 \u03bcm) rather than plastisphere biofilms. Here, we systematically evaluated differences in microbial community responses to environmental gradients across MP concentration regimes on the basis of a response modulation analysis framework (RMAF). In this framework, co-occurrence network analysis, random forest modeling, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and partial dependence-based interpretation methods are integrated to quantify changes in microbial sensitivity and ecological interactions. Through the use of Tara Oceans metagenomic data, we analyzed seven functional gene categories and species diversity across MP concentration gradients. High-MP environments (with concentrations exceeding 5,500 items\u00b7km\u20132) were characterized by a notable decrease in nondominant taxa (from 17\u201321% to 6.53\u20139.45%) alongside increased dominance of abundant species. The functional profiles showed higher abundance levels of genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. The results of network analysis indicated reduced connectivity and increased fragmentation, suggesting weakened ecological interactions and decreased system stability. Microbial communities in high-MP environments exhibited increased sensitivity to environmental drivers, characterized by response centralization and niche compression, suggesting a narrower range of environmental responses. MPs were associated with high microbial functional activity and potential indications of low ecosystem resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:43:44Z","timestamp":1784799824000},"page":"21051-21060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microplastic\nPollution Is Associated with Fragmentation\nand Environmental Sensitivity of Marine Planktonic Microbial Communities"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanlin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0097-5501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300191"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0309-9467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qian","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-816X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiangang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5672","key":"2026080409305935600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094559","article-title":"Lost at sea: where\nis all the plastic?","volume":"304","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119181","article-title":"Microplastics in marine\necosystems: A comprehensive review of biological and ecological implications\nand its mitigation approach using nanotechnology for the sustainable\nenvironment","volume":"256","author":"Marcharla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123855","article-title":"Global discharge of\nmicroplastics from mechanical recycling of plastic waste","volume":"348","author":"Suzuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154337","article-title":"Atmospheric\nmicroplastics in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: Distribution, source,\nand deposition","volume":"829","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit5","volume-title":"From pollution to solution: A global\nassessment of marine litter\nand plastic pollution","author":"McGlade","year":"2021"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026080409305935600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c14498","article-title":"Eutrophication exacerbates microplastic\nbioaccumulation risks in coastal fish","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"5879","key":"2026080409305935600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153213","article-title":"The microbial engines that drive\nEarth\u2019s biogeochemical cycles","volume":"320","author":"Falkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24299-y","article-title":"Global distribution patterns of marine\nnitrogen-fixers by imaging and molecular methods","volume":"12","author":"Pierella Karlusich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115598","article-title":"Plastic pollution\nimpacts on marine carbon biogeochemistry","volume":"268","author":"Galgani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080409305935600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00249-y","article-title":"Viral metagenome\nreveals microbial\nhosts and the associated antibiotic resistome on microplastics","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120709-142712","article-title":"Beyond the Calvin cycle: autotrophic\ncarbon fixation\nin the ocean","volume":"3","author":"Hu\u0308gler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar Sci."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126288","article-title":"Systematical\nreview of interactions between microplastics and microorganisms in\nthe soil environment","volume":"418","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080409305935600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15626","article-title":"The ecological impacts\nof multiple\nenvironmental stressors on coastal biofilm bacteria","volume":"27","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026080409305935600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6605","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09653","article-title":"Unveiling microbial nitrogen metabolism\nin rivers using a machine learning approach","volume":"58","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409305935600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/38.56302","article-title":"NetCDF: an interface\nfor scientific data access","volume":"10","author":"Rew","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph.\nAppl."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080409305935600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.165","article-title":"On the Euclidean distance of images","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080409305935600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/12\/124006","article-title":"A global inventory of small floating\nplastic debris","volume":"10","author":"Van Sebille","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17932-9","article-title":"High concentrations\nof plastic hidden beneath the surface\nof the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"11","author":"Pabortsava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6237","key":"2026080409305935600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261359","article-title":"Structure and function\nof the global ocean microbiome","volume":"348","author":"Sunagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080409305935600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT:\nan ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics\nassembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119","article-title":"Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation\ninitiation site identification","volume":"11","author":"Hyatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080409305935600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl158","article-title":"Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing\nlarge sets of protein or nucleotide sequences","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409305935600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon provides\nfast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression","volume":"14","author":"Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080409305935600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab293","article-title":"eggNOG-mapper v2: functional annotation, orthology\nassignments, and domain prediction at the metagenomic scale","volume":"38","author":"Cantalapiedra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic\nanalysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50276-2","article-title":"Metagenomic\ninsights into microbial community structure and metabolism in alpine\npermafrost on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409305935600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-00989-9","article-title":"Climate\nwarming enhances microbial network complexity and stability","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00376-6","article-title":"Analysis of metagenomic\ndata","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-024-00905-w","article-title":"Feature\nselection strategies: a comparative analysis of SHAP-value and importance-based\nmethods","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080409305935600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13167","article-title":"Towards ecosystem-based techniques\nfor tipping point\ndetection","volume":"100","author":"Hemraj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026080409305935600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301885120","article-title":"Development\npotential of nanoenabled\nagriculture projected using machine learning","volume":"120","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026080409305935600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf4130","article-title":"Deep exploration\nof\nrandom forest model boosts the interpretability of machine learning\nstudies of complicated immune responses and lung burden of nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02102-w","article-title":"Temperature-driven nitrogen mixotrophy shapes marine\ncyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus latitudinal distribution\npattern","volume":"6","author":"Hetharua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080409305935600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3400","article-title":"Ecology and exploration of the rare\nbiosphere","volume":"13","author":"Lynch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026080409305935600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2025.2502372","article-title":"Coexistence of cyanobacteria\nand microplastics in eutrophic lake\necosystems: Interactions and combined effects","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.141","article-title":"Toxicities of polystyrene\nnano-and microplastics toward\nmarine bacterium Halomonas alkaliphila","volume":"642","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131813","article-title":"Laboratory\ntidal microcosm deciphers\nresponses of sediment archaeal and bacterial communities to microplastic\nexposure","volume":"458","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080409305935600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70329","article-title":"Plastic\nbiofilms\nas hotspots of nitrogen cycling in estuarine ecosystems: comparative\necological, genomic, and transcriptomic analysis across substrates","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110712","article-title":"Can microplastics pose a threat to ocean carbon sequestration?","volume":"150","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131971","article-title":"Microplastics perturb\nnitrogen removal, microbial community and metabolism mechanism in\nbiofilm system","volume":"458","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080409305935600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c06546","article-title":"Stable isotopic and metagenomic analyses\nreveal microbial-mediated\neffects of microplastics on sulfur cycling in coastal sediments","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123414","article-title":"Coupling of sulfate\nreduction and dissolved organic carbon degradation\naccelerated by microplastics in blue carbon ecosystems","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080409305935600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100543","article-title":"Ecology and risks of the global plastisphere\nas a newly expanding\nmicrobial habitat","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157884","article-title":"Recent advances on the effects of microplastics on\nelements cycling\nin the environment","volume":"849","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12109","article-title":"Microbial community\nresponses to anthropogenically induced environmental change: towards\na systems approach","volume":"16","author":"Bissett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Lett."},{"key":"2026080409305935600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.378","article-title":"Distinct community\nstructure and microbial functions\nof biofilms colonizing microplastics","volume":"650","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06158","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/30\/21051\/66214013\/acs.est.6c06158.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/30\/21051\/66214013\/acs.est.6c06158.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:36:46Z","timestamp":1785850606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/30\/21051\/5230011\/Microplastic-Pollution-Is-Associated-with"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06158","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]}}}