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In the marine environment, OPEs primarily originate from continental sources and are initially confined to marginal seas before reaching remote oceans. However, their differing biogeochemical fates in these two regions remain unclear. This study investigated regional variations in the biogeochemical regulation mechanisms of OPEs (alkyl and aryl) across the Western Pacific and the South China Sea (112\u00b0E to 163\u00b0E) by analyzing their air-sea interface processes and vertical profiles. Results revealed that the South China Sea exhibited net inputs of OPEs (1.66 \u00b1 1.36 \u03bcg m\u20132 d\u20131), while the Western Pacific mainly showed outputs (0.41 \u00b1 1.15 \u03bcg m\u20132 d\u20131) to the atmosphere, forming patterns characterized by remote sources and marginal sinks. In vertical profiles, OPE consumption in the upper water column of the South China Sea was mainly driven by biodegradation, in contrast to the Western Pacific, where it was primarily controlled by the biological pump. This study reveals the distinct OPE fates in the remote ocean versus the marginal sea, highlighting the Western Pacific Warm Pool as a source of OPEs. Future research should address their marine coexistence with precursors and transformation products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:26:20Z","timestamp":1783063580000},"page":"22565-22577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distinct Source-Sink\nPatterns and Vertical Consumption\nof Alkyl and Aryl Organophosphate Esters in the Remote Ocean and Its\nMarginal Sea"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8217-7443","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingwen","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9116-0453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mengyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province , ,","place":["Zhoushan, China, 316021"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute , ,","place":["Zhoushan, China, 316021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]},{"name":"Marine Academy of Zhejiang Province , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5544-896X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zi-Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixue","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province , ,","place":["Zhoushan, China, 316021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjian","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province , ,","place":["Zhoushan, China, 316021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University of Technology , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5846-9264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoguang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuke","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junge","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Academy of Zhejiang Province , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2828-0529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minggang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 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Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081810424257600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7423","DOI":"10.1021\/es051013l","article-title":"Organophosphorus Flame Retardants\nand Plasticizers in Swedish Sewage Treatment Plants","volume":"39","author":"Marklund","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081810424257600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.07.022","article-title":"Organophosphorus\nFlame Retardants and Plasticizers in the Atmosphere of the North Sea","volume":"159","author":"Mo\u0308ller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120083","article-title":"Occurrence\nand Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters\nin Global Aquatic Products","volume":"240","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810424257600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.9b00582","article-title":"Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants:\nAre They a\nRegrettable Substitution for Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers?","volume":"6","author":"Blum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810424257600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00666-0","article-title":"Screening of Organophosphorus Compounds\nand Their Distribution in Various Indoor Environments","volume":"53","author":"Marklund","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026081810424257600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17070","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c06504","article-title":"Global Gridded\nEmission Inventory of Organophosphate\nFlame Retardants from 2010 to 2020","volume":"58","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810424257600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00277-w","article-title":"Organophosphate Ester Pollution in\nthe Oceans","volume":"3","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130517","article-title":"Insights into the Geographical Distribution, Bioaccumulation\nCharacteristics, and Ecological Risks of Organophosphate Esters","volume":"445","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111547","article-title":"Occurrence, Analysis and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate\nEsters (OPEs) in Biota: A Review","volume":"160","author":"Pantelaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut.\nBull."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.09.012","article-title":"Organophosphorus Flame Retardants\nand Plasticizers: Sources, Occurrence, Toxicity and Human Exposure","volume":"196","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113779","article-title":"Sources, Behaviors, Transformations,\nand Environmental Risks of Organophosphate Esters in the Coastal Environment:\nA Review","volume":"180","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081810424257600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JC020081","article-title":"Combined Effects of Fronts, Upwelling\nand the Biological Pump on Organophosphate Esters in the Changjiang\n(Yangtze) River Estuary During Summer","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.: oceans"},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167930","article-title":"Organophosphate\nEsters in Seawater and Sediments from the Low-latitude\nTropical Sea","volume":"907","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150673","article-title":"Atmospheric\nDeposition,\nSeasonal Variation, and Long-range Transport of Organophosphate Esters\non Yongxing Island, South China Sea","volume":"806","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.02.015","article-title":"Occurrence\nand Dry Deposition of Organophosphate Esters in Atmospheric Particles\nover the Northern South China Sea","volume":"127","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081810424257600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12831","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04344","article-title":"Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in the Global\nOceanic Atmosphere","volume":"50","author":"Castro-Jimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111243","article-title":"Occurrence, Distribution, Air-Seawater\nExchange and Atmospheric Deposition of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs)\nfrom the Northwestern Pacific to the Arctic Ocean","volume":"157","author":"Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081810424257600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6887","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01289","article-title":"Organophosphate\nEsters in Air, Snow,\nand Seawater in the North Atlantic and the Arctic","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164263","article-title":"Occurrence, Source,\nand Transfer Fluxes of Organophosphate Esters in the South Pacific\nand Fildes Peninsula, Antarctic","volume":"894","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026081810424257600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18950","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c05620","article-title":"Regulation of Ocean Surface Currents\nand Seasonal Sea Ice Variations on the Occurrence and Transport of\nOrganophosphate Esters in the Central Arctic Ocean","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810424257600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2025.12.054","article-title":"Organic Chemicals of\nArctic Concern in Russian Coastal Seas","volume":"71","author":"Min","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci.\nBull."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081810424257600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00059","article-title":"Organophosphate Esters in Air and Seawater of the South\nChina Sea:\nSpatial Distribution, Transport, and Air\u2013Sea Exchange","volume":"1","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141874","article-title":"Organophosphate\nEsters in Water and Air: A Minireview of Their Sources, Occurrence,\nand Air\u2013Water Exchange","volume":"356","author":"Marlina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081810424257600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JD039700","article-title":"Air-Sea Gas Exchange\nand Its Potential Influence on the Regional\nFate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the East China Marginal\nSea","volume":"128","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: atmos"},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134792","article-title":"Air-Sea Exchange of PAHs in the Taiwan Strait: Seasonal Dynamics\nand Regulation Mechanisms Revealed by Machine Learning Approach","volume":"474","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140522","article-title":"Biogeochemical Processes Play a Decisive Role in Determining the\nFate of Marine PAHs: A Case Validation with Field Measuring and Modelling\nin the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea","volume":"500","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810424257600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5585","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12555","article-title":"Biogeochemical Controls on Latitudinal\n(42\u00b0N to 70\u00b0S) and\nDepth Distribution of Organophosphate Esters in the Atlantic and Southern\nOceans","volume":"59","author":"Trilla-Prieto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026081810424257600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24538","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c09148","article-title":"Organophosphate Ester Migration Mechanisms\nand Environmental Impacts in the Western South China Sea","volume":"59","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810424257600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09884","article-title":"Tracing Organophosphate Ester Pollutants in Hadal Trenches\u2500Distribution,\nPossible Origins, and Transport Mechanisms.","volume":"58","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40562-016-0054-3","article-title":"The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool: Critical to World Oceanography\nand World Climate","volume":"3","author":"De Deckker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810424257600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-024-00642-0","article-title":"Late Pleistocene\nIsland Weathering and Precipitation in the Western Pacific Warm Pool","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Clim. Atmos. Sci.."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2025.104732","article-title":"Size-fractionated C:N: P: Si Stoichiometry\nof Particulate Matter in the Subtropical Western North Pacific","volume":"246","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810424257600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC014962","article-title":"Coupled External-Internal\nDynamics of Layered Circulation in the\nSouth China Sea: A Modeling Study","volume":"124","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.: oceans"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810424257600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024GB008388","article-title":"Contrasting Drivers of Bacterial Metabolism in the Euphotic and Mesopelagic\nZones of Tropical Oligotrophic Oceans","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global\nBiogeochem. Cycles"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810424257600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz105","article-title":"Diagnosis of CO2 Dynamics and Fluxes\nin Global Coastal Oceans","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2024.103798","article-title":"Unveiling\nthe Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Organophosphate Esters in Seawater\nof the Northern South China Sea","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Technol.\nInnov."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142559","article-title":"Organophosphate\nEster in Surface Water of the Pearl River and Spatial Variations and\nEcological Risks","volume":"361","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112691","article-title":"Occurrence, Distribution\nand Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and\nPlasticizers in Surface Seawater of the West Pacific","volume":"170","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123514","article-title":"Targeted and\nSuspect Screening Reveal\nTraditional and Novel Organophosphate Esters in Philippine Sea Sediment\nCores","volume":"290","author":"Lyu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129214","article-title":"Occurrence,\nDistribution, Source Identification, and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate\nEsters in the Coastal Waters of Beibu Gulf, South China Sea: Impacts\nof Riverine Discharge and Fishery","volume":"436","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810424257600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.4c00636","article-title":"Enrichment of Organophosphate\nEsters in the Sea Surface Microlayer from the Atlantic and Southern\nOceans","volume":"11","author":"Trilla-Prieto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026081810424257600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140434","article-title":"Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants\nand Plasticizers in the Bohai, Yellow and East China Seas","volume":"741","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810424257600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033399","article-title":"Air-Water Exchange and Gas-Particle Partitioning of\nPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coral Reef Areas of the\nSouth China Sea","volume":"126","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: atmos"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081810424257600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.1021\/es049240v","article-title":"Atmospheric Dry Deposition\nof Persistent Organic Pollutants to the\nAtlantic and Inferences for the Global Oceans","volume":"38","author":"Jurado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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