{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1792728627439,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25JCYBJC01260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JCYBJC01260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3713900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3713900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013314","name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B17025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B17025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U23A205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nankai University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microplastics are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and may be inhaled into the respiratory system to cause adverse health effects. Photoaging of microplastics in the atmosphere is inevitable, which changes their toxic effects greatly, yet the impacts and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, poly(vinyl chloride) microplastics (PVC-MPs), commonly detected in the atmosphere, were selected to investigate the effects of photoaging on pulmonary toxicological responses at 7 days after a single intratracheal instillation in a mouse model. Photoaging enhanced the abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups on the particle surface, surface hydrophilicity, and oxidative potential. Upon a short-term intratracheal exposure, photoaged PVC-MPs (A-PVC) induced more severe pulmonary inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction than the virgin PVC-MPs (V-PVC), as evidenced by increased protein leakage and lactate dehydrogenase release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and disruption of tight junction proteins. Transcriptomic analysis revealed enrichment of the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and activated TXNIP\u2013NLRP3 inflammasome axis. In vitro tests with BEAS-2B cells indicated that more A-PVC was adsorbed on the cell membrane, likely due to increased membrane affinity than V-PVC, thus triggering excessive ROS generation and leading to TXNIP-dependent NLRP3 activation and tight junction disruption. Inhibition of ROS, TXNIP, or NLRP3 attenuated inflammasome activation and preserved barrier integrity. These findings demonstrate that environmental photoaging exacerbated short-term pulmonary toxicity of PVC-MPs through a ROS\u2013TXNIP\u2013NLRP3-mediated inflammatory amplification axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:02:00Z","timestamp":1785884520000},"page":"22274-22286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Photoaged\nPolyvinyl Chloride Microplastics Aggravate\nAirway Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction via TXNIP\u2013NLRP3-Mediated\nInflammatory Amplification"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, P. R. China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, P. R. China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, P. R. China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9318-7940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lingyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, P. R. China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810423264100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production,\nUse, and Fate of All\nPlastics Ever Made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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Microplastics Prevail in Snow\nfrom the Alps to the Arctic","volume":"5","author":"Bergmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810423264100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0335-5","article-title":"Atmospheric\nTransport and Deposition of Microplastics in a Remote Mountain Catchment","volume":"12","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026081810423264100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12833","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c03278","article-title":"Size Distribution of Micro-\/Nanoplastic\nParticles and Their Chemical\nSpeciation in the Atmosphere of Shanghai, China","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Int."},{"key":"2026081810423264100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108483","article-title":"Photoaging of Biodegradable\nNanoplastics Regulates Their Toxicity\nto Aquatic Insects (Chironomus Kiinensis) by Impairing Gut and Disrupting\nIntestinal Microbiota","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810423264100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c12882","article-title":"Trojan Horse Effect\nof Biologically Aged Microplastics-An Intracellular\nCarrier of LPS for Licensing Noncanonical Inflammasome Activation","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810423264100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106137","article-title":"Enhanced Cytotoxicity\nof Photoaged\nPhenol-Formaldehyde Resins Microplastics: Combined Effects of Environmentally\nPersistent Free Radicals, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Conjugated\nCarbonyls","volume":"145","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810423264100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03430","article-title":"Review of Acellular Assays of Ambient\nParticulate Matter Oxidative Potential: Methods and Relationships\nwith Composition, Sources, and Health Effects","volume":"53","author":"Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810423264100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00591-9","article-title":"Multimodal Pulmonary\nClearance Kinetics of Carbon Black Nanoparticles Deposited in the\nLungs of Rats: The Role of Alveolar Macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810423264100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00592-8","article-title":"Investigation of Pulmonary\nInflammatory Responses Following\nIntratracheal Instillation of and Inhalation Exposure to Polypropylene\nMicroplastics","volume":"21","author":"Tomonaga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810423264100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112743","article-title":"Protein\nPermeability in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Loss of Size\nSelectivity of the Alveolar Epithelium","volume":"78","author":"Holter","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin\nInvest"},{"key":"2026081810423264100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c06637","article-title":"Inhalation of Microplastics Induces Inflammatory Injuries in Multiple\nMurine Organs via the Toll-like Receptor Pathway","volume":"58","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"52","key":"2026081810423264100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1475","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117988108","article-title":"Multiple Stromal\nPopulations Contribute to Pulmonary Fibrosis without Evidence for\nEpithelial to Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"108","author":"Rock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. 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