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Here we show that summertime surface ozone (O3) concentrations across natural background regions of North China (&amp;gt;35\u00b0N) unexpectedly exceed those in urban areas, accompanied by an increasing trend in tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs). This compelling spatial anomaly confirms that natural nitrogen oxides (NOx) sources, particularly soil NOx emissions (SNOx), may play a pivotal role in driving O3 formation. To test this hypothesis, numerical experiments with the Unified Inputs for WRF-Chem (UI-WRF-Chem) are conducted, in which the SNOx scheme as a function of the soil temperature and moisture is developed with the constraint of satellite-retrieved SNOx fluxes in 2018\u20132024. During a severe CDHE in summer 2022, extreme dry-hot forcings triggered potent SNOx in natural backgrounds. Although natural soils have substantially lower nitrogen availability than croplands, their SNOx could contribute to 43% of O3 production. Our study highlights the urgent need to incorporate NOx emissions from natural lands in air quality management strategies as CDHEs are projected to intensify under climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:02:53Z","timestamp":1783940573000},"page":"20484-20495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Underappreciated\nSoil NO\n                    <i>x<\/i>\n                    Emissions Amplify Background\nO3 Pollution During Compound\nDry-Hot Extremes in North China"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6490-387X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tong","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9570-5817","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7450-0073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingcai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4591-7635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K. Folkert","family":"Boersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute , , ,","place":["De Bilt, The Netherlands, 3731 GA"]},{"name":"Wageningen University , , ,","place":["Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6708 PB"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7334-0490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210044"]},{"name":"Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2026072809095897900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.3c00090","article-title":"Measurements of Atmosphere-Biosphere Exchange of Oxidized\nNitrogen and Implications for the Chemistry of Atmospheric NOx","volume":"56","author":"Delaria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. 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