{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:22Z","timestamp":1792784662072,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"111 Project of Urban Air Pollution and Health Effects","award":["B20009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B20009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42561160137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42561160137"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42577481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42577481"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Scienses","award":["2022-ZHCH330-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-ZHCH330-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02drdmm93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Scienses","award":["2025-RC330-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RC330-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02drdmm93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the MOE of China","award":["JYB2025XDXM906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYB2025XDXM906"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are well-established air pollutants that have been epidemiologically linked to adverse outcomes. However, their complex chemical reactivity obscures the mechanisms through which specific nitrogenous species are responsible for observed health risks. We hypothesize that NOx-driven nitration processes generate nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) as potential health threat contributors. To test this, we performed a longitudinal, population-based exposomic study in Beijing. \u223c1000 NACs were characterized from personal PM2.5, with median concentrations higher than those of traditional polycyclic aromatics (PACs, represented by PAHs). Remarkably, secondary NACs, particularly those formed via aqueous-phase nitration and represented by 3-\/5-nitrosalicylic acids, accounted for over 70% of total NAC exposure in summer. Their associations with lung and systemic inflammatory biomarkers of IL-6 were 2.1\u2013232 times stronger than those of PAHs and gaseous NOx. Our findings provided a new perspective for considering secondary nitration transformations in urban air quality standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:02:33Z","timestamp":1790190153000},"page":"27967-27975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nitration of Urban\nPM2.5: A Hidden Driver\nof Enhanced Human Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100730"]},{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4384-8354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3517-6789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4062-4009","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaodi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enying","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , , State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100730"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3559-8914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4554-7923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Albany , , State University of New York, , ,","place":["Rensselaer, New York, United States, 12144"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiju","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Hospital, Peking University , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2752-7924","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9874-8030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinghua","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100871"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-024-01540-z","article-title":"Efficacy of China\u2019s clean air actions to tackle\nPM2.5 pollution between 2013 and 2020","volume":"17","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Cardiol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp7832","article-title":"Toward cleaner\nair and better health: current state, challenges, and priorities","volume":"385","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and\nterritories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global\nBurden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo3381","article-title":"How low can you go?\nAir pollution affects mortality at very low levels","volume":"8","author":"Weichenthal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00881092","article-title":"A discussion\nof the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and\ntroposphere","volume":"106","author":"Crutzen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114713","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide and mortality: review\nand meta-analysis of long-term studies","volume":"44","author":"Faustini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur.\nRespir. J."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3109\/10408440903294945","article-title":"Critical review\nof the human data on short-term nitrogen\ndioxide (NO2) exposures: evidence for NO2 no-effect\nlevels","volume":"39","author":"Hesterberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit9","first-page":"37","article-title":"Health risk\nevaluation of nitrogen oxide. Controlled studies on humans","volume":"19","author":"Bylin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work, Environ. Health"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13774","article-title":"High secondary\naerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in\nChina","volume":"514","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2139-2016","article-title":"Secondary formation of nitrated phenols: insights from\nobservations during the Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study (UBWOS) 2014","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. 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Hazard.\nMater."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07324","article-title":"Polar nitrated\naromatic compounds in urban fine particulate matter:\nA focus on formation via an aqueous-phase radical mechanism","volume":"57","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10406630601134243","article-title":"Mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons and\nPAHs with OH and NO3 radicals","volume":"27","author":"Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polycycl.\nAromat. Compd."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7921","DOI":"10.1021\/es050824m","article-title":"Aqueous atmospheric\nchemistry: Formation of 2, 4-dinitrophenol upon nitration of 2-nitrophenol\nand 4-nitrophenol in solution","volume":"39","author":"Vione","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit20","unstructured":"United Nations.\n          . Stockholm Convention. http:\/\/www.pops.int\/(UN, 2004).(Accessed July 20, 2026)."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21570","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04983","article-title":"Nitroaromatic\ncompounds from secondary nitrate formation and biomass burning are\nmajor proinflammatory components in organic aerosols in Guangzhou:\na bioassay combining high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-017-9074-2","article-title":"A prospective study\n(SCOPE) comparing the cardiometabolic and respiratory effects of air\npollution exposure on healthy and pre-diabetic individuals","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China. Life. Sci."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10479","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02902","article-title":"Hydrophobic organic\ncomponents of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) associated\nwith inflammatory cellular response","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10589","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02023","article-title":"Organic components of personal PM2.5 exposure associated with inflammation: evidence from an\nuntargeted exposomic approach","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2030464","article-title":"Improved\nresolution of hydrocarbon structures and constitutional\nisomers in complex mixtures using gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet-mass\nspectrometry","volume":"84","author":"Isaacman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05600","article-title":"Detailed speciation of intermediate\nvolatility and semivolatile organic compound emissions from gasoline\nvehicles: effects of cold-starts and implications for secondary organic\naerosol formation","volume":"53","author":"Drozd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1748486","article-title":"Nitrated polycyclic\naromatic compounds in the atmospheric environment: A review","volume":"51","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7649","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-7649-2019","article-title":"The formation of nitro-aromatic compounds under high NOx and anthropogenic VOC conditions in urban Beijing, China","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023628","article-title":"Sources, transformation, and health implications of\nPAHs and their nitrated, hydroxylated, and oxygenated derivatives\nin PM2.5 in Beijing","volume":"120","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.: Atmos."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-1653-2017","article-title":"Contributions of nitrated\naromatic compounds to the light absorption of water-soluble and particulate\nbrown carbon in different atmospheric environments in Germany and\nChina","volume":"17","author":"Teich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11607","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03263","article-title":"Light absorption\nof secondary organic aerosol: composition and contribution of nitroaromatic\ncompounds","volume":"51","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1817364","article-title":"Ambient particulate\nair pollution and daily mortality in 652 cities","volume":"381","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.06.017","article-title":"Airborne nitro-PAHs\ninduce Nrf2\/ARE defense system against oxidative stress and promote\ninflammatory process by activating PI3K\/Akt pathway in A549 cells","volume":"44","author":"Shang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60110-X","article-title":"The Interleukin-6 Receptor Mendelian Randomisation\nAnalysis (IL6R\nMR) Consortium. The interleukin-6 receptor as a target for prevention\nof coronary heart disease: a mendelian randomisation analysis","volume":"379","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8564309","article-title":"Some reactions\nand properties of nitro radical-anions important in biology and medicine","volume":"64","author":"Wardman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1021\/es0488737","article-title":"Protein nitration\nby polluted air","volume":"39","author":"Franze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309326","article-title":"Roles of vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide\nin the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"120","author":"Fo\u0308rstermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ.\nRes."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48902-0","article-title":"Widespread 2013-2020 decreases and\nreduction challenges\nof organic aerosol in China","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14253","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03649","article-title":"Nitrite-mediated photooxidation of vanillin in the\natmospheric aqueous\nphase","volume":"53","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00530","article-title":"Long-term observations\nreveal enhanced nighttime formation of nitrated PAHs following primary\nemission reduction","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04134-6","article-title":"Uncovering global-scale risks from\ncommercial chemicals in air","volume":"600","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq7023","article-title":"Widespread formation of toxic nitrated\nbisphenols indoors by heterogeneous reactions with HONO","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu058","article-title":"Bayesian\nkernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant\nmixtures","volume":"16","author":"Bobb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2026100609072626700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2891-2009","article-title":"Interpretation\nof organic components from positive matrix factorization of aerosol\nmass spectrometric data","volume":"9","author":"Ulbrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06494","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/39\/27967\/68626146\/acs.est.6c06494.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/39\/27967\/68626146\/acs.est.6c06494.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:49:50Z","timestamp":1791294590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/39\/27967\/5436929\/Nitration-of-Urban-PM2-5-A-Hidden-Driver-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06494","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}