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However, the distinct roles of char BC (CBC) and soot BC (SBC) in combustion-source tracing and carbon-cycle assessment remain poorly resolved in marginal seas. Here, we analyze four sediment cores from the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea, using benzene poly(carboxylic acid) (BPCA) and chemothermal oxidation at 375 \u00b0C (CTO-375) methods to resolve subtype-specific BC records. CBC accounted for 52\u201357% of the estimated total BC burial across all settings, consistent with sustained biomass-burning contributions. SBC exhibited higher spatiotemporal variability and sensitivity to fossil fuel expansion, particularly near industrial zones. Estimated BC burial fluxes varied spatially, largely reflecting differences in representative sedimentation rates rather than BC content. Notably, nearshore sites exhibited higher burial despite lower BC content. Centennial-scale profiles revealed that SBC effectively traced regional transitions from biomass to fossil fuel combustion, while CBC preserved the long-term fire legacy. These findings highlight the complementary roles of CBC and SBC in reconstructing combustion histories and assessing BC burial in marginal seas. Burial of biomass-derived BC can contribute to net atmospheric CO2 sequestration, whereas fossil-derived BC burial represents the transfer of fossil carbon into long-term sedimentary storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T09:57:28Z","timestamp":1787392648000},"page":"27226-27237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tracing\nCombustion Regime Shifts through Char and\nSoot Black Carbon Records in Beibu Gulf Sediment Cores: Burial Flux\nControls and Carbon Storage Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Liwei","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-2204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-2754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources , , ,","place":["Beihai, P. R. China, 536000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanning Normal University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhehong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanfa","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3409-9945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kefu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, P. R. China, 530004"]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) , ,","place":["Guangzhou, P. R. China, 511458"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit1","volume-title":"Black Carbon in the\nEnvironment: Properties and Distribution","author":"Goldberg","year":"1985"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909072863000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1071\/EN10006","article-title":"What Is Recalcitrant\nSoil Organic Matter","volume":"7","author":"Kleber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-060614-105038","article-title":"The Pyrogenic\nCarbon Cycle","volume":"43","author":"Bird","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00316-6","article-title":"The Black Carbon\nCycle and Its Role in the Earth System","volume":"3","author":"Coppola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139136853.012","article-title":"Black Carbon\nin Coastal and Large River Systems","volume-title":"Biogeochemical\nDynamics at Major River-Coastal Interfaces","author":"Mitra","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59171-6_12","article-title":"Marine Sediments:\nA Reservoir for Black Carbon and Their Use as Spatial and Temporal\nRecords of Combustion","volume-title":"Sediment Records\nof Biomass Burning and Global Change","author":"Suman","year":"1997"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092909072863000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(00)00096-6","article-title":"The Molecularly-Uncharacterized Component of Nonliving\nOrganic Matter in Natural Environments","volume":"31","author":"Hedges","year":"2000","journal-title":"Org.\nGeochem."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2026092909072863000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2004.06.043","article-title":"New directions\nin black carbon organic geochemistry","volume":"92","author":"Masiello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.117908","article-title":"Occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution\nand environmental behavior of dissolved, particulate, and sedimentary\nblack carbon in a subtropical coastal environment: Differences between\nsemi-enclosed and open estuaries","volume":"215","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut.\nBull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909072863000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-014-4916-2","article-title":"Summer circulation\nstructure and\nformation mechanism in the Beibu Gulf","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci.\nChina Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2017.02.009","article-title":"Review of the circulation in the\nBeibu Gulf, South\nChina Sea","volume":"138","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092909072863000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11071463","article-title":"The clay mineralogy\nand geochemistry of sediments in\nthe Beibu Gulf, South China Sea: A record of the Holocene sedimentary\nenvironmental change","volume":"11","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2018.09.006","article-title":"Sources and\ndistribution of sedimentary organic matter in the Beibu Gulf, China:\nApplication of multiple proxies","volume":"206","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092909072863000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12040615","article-title":"The sediments\nin the Beibu Gulf reveal dramatic paleoenvironmental\nchanges and climate events over the past \u223c20,000 years","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2112\/SI_66_6","article-title":"Anthropogenic fingerprint in Beibu\nGulf (South China Sea) sediments","volume":"66","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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Bull."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(98)00194-6","article-title":"Black carbon in soils:\nthe use of benzenecarboxylic acids as specific markers","volume":"29","author":"Glaser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/53922-v","article-title":"Characterization,\nquantification and compound-specific isotopic analysis of pyrogenic\ncarbon using benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCA)","volume":"111","author":"Wiedemeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GB001380","article-title":"Evaluation\nof a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments","volume":"15","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092909072863000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2003.09.005","article-title":"An evaluation\nof thermal resistance\nas a measure of black carbon content in diesel soot, wood char, and\nsediment","volume":"35","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Org. 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Oceanogr.: Methods"},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2008.08.006","article-title":"Sedimentary\nrecord of black carbon in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent northern\nSouth China Sea","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.02.046","article-title":"Distribution,\nmass inventories, and\necological risk assessment of legacy and emerging contaminants in\nsediments from the Pearl River Estuary in China","volume":"323","author":"Pintado-Herrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160870","article-title":"Variations\nin the concentration, source and flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\nin sediments of the Pearl River Estuary: implications for anthropogenic\nimpacts","volume":"862","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909072863000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1021\/es0201404","article-title":"Global Accounting of\nPCBs in the Continental Shelf Sediments","volume":"37","author":"Jo\u0308nsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(96)00158-5","article-title":"The diffusive\ntortuosity of fine-grained unlithified sediments","volume":"60","author":"Boudreau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. 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Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111176","article-title":"Bulk sedimentary phosphorus\nin relation to organic carbon, sediment textural properties and hydrodynamics\nin the northern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea","volume":"155","author":"Dan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110694","article-title":"Modern modes\nof sediment distribution and the anthropogenic\nheavy metal pollution record in northeastern Beibu Gulf, South China\nSea","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.08.033","article-title":"Relation between PAH and black carbon\ncontents in size fractions of Norwegian harbor sediments","volume":"141","author":"Oen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-017-6214-2","article-title":"Century-scale high-resolution black carbon records in sediment cores\nfrom the South Yellow Sea, China","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ocean Limnol."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8598","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09827","article-title":"Anthropogenic\nactivities generate high-refractory black carbon along\nthe Yangtze River continuum","volume":"57","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2745","article-title":"Ecological challenges on small tourist\nislands: a case from Chinese rural island","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain.\nDev."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258407","article-title":"The Regional Differences\nand Influencing Factors of Tourism Development\non Hainan Island, China","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/15275920590952739","article-title":"Combustion-derived\npolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment\u2500A review","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Forensics"},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041338","article-title":"Levels, sources and toxicity risks\nof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons\nat an island site in the Gulf of Tonkin","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112403","article-title":"Pollution and ecological\nrisk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in sediment\nfrom the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea","volume":"168","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut.\nBull."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909072863000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1021\/es4050852","article-title":"Radiocarbon-based\nsource apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols at a regional background\nsite on Hainan Island, South China","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"D14","key":"2026092909072863000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003697","article-title":"A technology-based global inventory of black and organic\ncarbon emissions from combustion","volume":"109","author":"Bond","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes."},{"key":"2026092909072863000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.02.028","article-title":"Tracing the source of Pb using stable\nPb isotope ratios in sediments of eastern Beibu Gulf, South China\nSea","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. 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