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However, under subsurface conditions, biological aging may impact the performance of CAC sorption barriers. In this study, a column system was designed to accelerate interactions between CAC and microorganisms, enabling evaluation of biological aging effects on PFAS adsorption and CAC properties within a practical time frame. Aging was confirmed by indicators of microbial growth and activity (e.g., SEM, DNA, and ATP) relative to a control with NaN3. After four months of aging, CAC particles were recovered for PFAS isotherm and kinetic analyses. Results showed a significant reduction in adsorption capacity, particularly for shorter-chain and more hydrophilic perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Characterization of fresh and biologically aged CAC revealed decreased surface area, micropore volume, and carbon-to-oxygen (C\/O) ratio, along with increased particle diameter, point of zero charge (PZC), and anion exchange capacity (AEC). A washing procedure partially restored these properties and the adsorption capacity. Overall, biological aging is an often-overlooked factor that negatively affects PFAS removal by CAC through both reversible and irreversible changes associated with biofilm attachment and surface alteration. Incorporating biological aging into modeling frameworks will improve predictions of long-term CAC performance in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T07:01:55Z","timestamp":1789974115000},"page":"28079-28094","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological Aging\nas an Overlooked Factor Controlling\nthe Effectiveness of Colloidal Activated Carbon for PFAS Removal in\nSubsurface Environments"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillyanna","family":"House","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant R.","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porewater Solutions , 2958 Barlow Crescent , , ,","place":["Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K0A 1T0"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-3422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xitong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University , , 800 22nd St NW , , ,","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8599-008X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory V.","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. , 10211 Wincopin Circle, Fourth Floor , , ,","place":["Columbia, Maryland, United States, 21044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-4742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2026100609073669900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00291G","article-title":"An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"22","author":"Glu\u0308ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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Soils Sediments"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100609073669900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000786","article-title":"Assessment of bacterial\nviability: a comprehensive\nreview on recent advances and challenges","volume":"165","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2026100609073669900_cit32","volume-title":"Standard\nMethods For The Examination Of Water\nAnd Wastewate","author":"APHA.","year":"2017","edition":"23rd ed."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026100609073669900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1365941","article-title":"Saccharide-derived\nmicroporous spherical biochar prepared from hydrothermal carbonization\nand different pyrolysis temperatures: synthesis, characterization,\nand application in water treatment","volume":"39","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026100609073669900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2011.04.021","article-title":"Surface chemistry variations\namong\na series of laboratory-produced biochars","volume":"163","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100609073669900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(98)00216-4","article-title":"Point of zero\ncharge and intrinsic equilibrium constants of activated carbon cloth","volume":"37","author":"Babic\u0301","year":"1999","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100609073669900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(01)00155-1","article-title":"PLS-regression:\na basic\ntool of chemometrics","volume":"58","author":"Wold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemom. 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Water Treat."},{"key":"2026100609073669900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7677-0_2","article-title":"Role of bioreactors in microbial biomass and energy conversion","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioreactors Microb. Biomass Energy Convers"},{"key":"2026100609073669900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131518","article-title":"Surface-modified\nactivated carbon for N-nitrosodimethylamine removal in the continuous\nflow biological activated carbon columns","volume":"455","author":"Astuti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\nHazard. 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Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100609073669900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-022-05599-5","article-title":"Investigation\nof adsorption kinetics for per-and poly-fluoroalkyl\nsubstances (PFAS) adsorption onto powder activated carbon (PAC) in\nthe competing systems","volume":"233","author":"Son","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"2026100609073669900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147165","article-title":"Effect of backwashing biologically\nactivated carbon on coagulability of organics in surface water","volume":"785","author":"Korotta-Gamage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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