{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:15:25Z","timestamp":1788221725179,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22276138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22276138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22576154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22576154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3711100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3711100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrocatalytic coupling of carbon dioxide and nitrate provides a sustainable route for urea synthesis. However, constrained by the ambiguous intermediate reaction pathways, such systems typically require a highly negative potential (\u2264 \u22120.5 V vs RHE) to achieve high urea yields. This inevitably results in prohibitive electricity expenses, which account for approximately 48% of the total expenditure for urea electrosynthesis and represent a major bottleneck hindering this promising approach. Herein, a vector-controlled *CO intermediate transport strategy is reported to direct the coupling pathway. This strategy realized an anodic potential shift of 300 mV and a remarkable urea yield of 2927 \u03bcg h\u20131 cm\u20132 at \u22120.2 V (vs RHE), outperforming most reported electrocatalysts. Techno-economic analysis reveals that this process reduces energy consumption and cuts electricity costs by over 25%. This unidirectional *CO transport is achieved via a precisely engineered CuAg interface, where a tailored asymmetric local electronic environment with a d-band center difference of 1.64 eV induces a *CO adsorption energy difference of 0.8 eV. This enables continuous *CO desorption from weakly adsorbing Ag sites and unidirectional transport to strongly adsorbing Cu sites, thus facilitating the critical *NOCO formation. This work establishes a promising pathway for energy-saving urea synthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:03:37Z","timestamp":1786539817000},"page":"23535-23545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vector-Controlled\n*CO Transport Drives Efficient Urea\nElectrosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3569-3756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingshuo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3614-8441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yahui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinli","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0543-685X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Biyu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-4655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-023-00362-y","article-title":"Green ammonia\nsynthesis","volume":"2","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63923-z","article-title":"Plasma-electrocatalytic synthesis\nof urea from air and CO2","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202403980","article-title":"The tandem\nnitrate and CO2 reduction for urea electrosynthesis: Role\nof surface n-intermediates\nin CO2 capture and activation","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202402215","article-title":"Tandem catalysts enabling\nefficient C-N coupling toward the electrosynthesis\nof urea","volume":"63","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. 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Commun."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EY00038E","article-title":"High-efficiency\nelectrosynthesis\nof urea over bacterial cellulose regulated Pd\u2013Cu bimetallic\ncatalyst","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"EES Catal."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202307123","article-title":"Sustainable and high-rate electrosynthesis\nof nitrogen fertilizer","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2023.123577","article-title":"Cu-Ni alloy\nnanocrystals with heterogenous active sites for efficient urea synthesis","volume":"343","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202318589","article-title":"Dynamic reconstruction\nof two-dimensional defective Bi nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic\nurea synthesis","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402160","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202402160","article-title":"Urea Electrosynthesis\nfrom Nitrate and CO2 on Diatomic Alloys","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402309","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202402309","article-title":"Promoting\nElectroreduction of CO2 and NO3\u2013 to urea via tandem catalysis of Zn single atoms and\nIn2O3-x","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Energy\nMater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202401943","article-title":"Breaking the scaling relationship\nin C\u2013N coupling via the doping effects for efficient urea electrosynthesis","volume":"63","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400892","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202400892","article-title":"High C-selectivity\nfor urea synthesis through O-philic adsorption\nto form *OCO intermediate on Ti-MOF based electrocatalysts","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8871","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c00583","article-title":"Tailoring\nactivation intermediates of CO2 initiates C\u2013N coupling\nfor highly selective urea electrosynthesis","volume":"147","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202503011","article-title":"Balancing intermediates\nformation on atomically pd-bridged Cu\/Cu2O interfaces for kinetics-matching\nelectrocatalytic C-N coupling reaction","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-025-00742-6","article-title":"Selective\nelectrocatalytic synthesis of urea using entangled iron porphyrins\nin covalent organic frameworks","volume":"4","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500872","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202500872","article-title":"Enhancing urea electrosynthesis from\nCO2 and nitrate through high-entropy alloying","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418828","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418828","article-title":"Spin state modulation with oxygen\nvacancy orientates C\/N Intermediates for urea electrosynthesis of\nultrahigh efficiency","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202509834","article-title":"Atomic-scale mott\u2013schottky\nanalogy in SnCu nanoalloy promote high-efficiency urea electrosynthesis\nat ultralow potential","volume":"64","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202506792","article-title":"CO Spillover-Induced Directed C\u2013C Coupling for\nCO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01302-0","article-title":"Pulsed co-electrolysis\nof carbon\ndioxide and nitrate for sustainable urea synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44131-z","article-title":"Sequential co-reduction\nof nitrate and carbon dioxide\nenables selective urea electrosynthesis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505286","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202505286","article-title":"Selective\nUrea Electrosynthesis from CO2 and Nitrate on Spin-Polarized\nAtomically Ordered PdCuCo","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202410938","article-title":"Electron Deficiency is More Important than Conductivity in C\u2013N\nCoupling for Electrocatalytic Urea Synthesis","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202510139","article-title":"Gram-scale ammonia\nsynthesis via electrochemical nitrate reduction using enzyme-inspired\ndual-atomic Cu catalyst","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int.\nEd."},{"key":"2026083119455003400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01406-7","article-title":"Ammonia recovery from nitrate-rich wastewater using\na membrane-free electrochemical system","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nSustain."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06642","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/33\/23535\/66510872\/acs.est.6c06642.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/33\/23535\/66510872\/acs.est.6c06642.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:45:59Z","timestamp":1788219959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/33\/23535\/5253403\/Vector-Controlled-CO-Transport-Drives-Efficient"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06642","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}