{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:04:47Z","timestamp":1790089487987,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-67019-36266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-67019-36266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI154049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI154049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["2533134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2533134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vesicle-cloaked virus clusters, or viral vesicles, represent an emerging pathogenic form of enteric viruses, exhibiting enhanced infectivity, environmental persistence, and resistance to disinfection compared to free viruses. Their unique vesicle architecture and mechanical properties likely play a critical role in maintaining structural integrity and shielding encapsulated virions from environmental stressors. Here, we employed atomic force microscopy to characterize the topography and viscoelasticity of viral vesicles from cell cultures, clinical stool, and municipal wastewater. When immobilized on a substrate, the vesicle height remained relatively consistent across origins, whereas the lateral size varied substantially. Viscoelastic properties, characterized by short-term stiffness, long-term stiffness, and dissipation coefficient, were comparable among norovirus, rotavirus, and coxsackievirus B3 vesicles derived from diverse host cells but differed significantly in vesicles isolated from stool and raw wastewater. These differences likely arise from interactions between environmental constituents and conditions in these matrices and the vesicle membranes. A clear decline in vesicle viscoelasticity was also observed during the wastewater treatment process. In summary, these results indicate that viral vesicle viscoelasticity is not a fixed intrinsic property but is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, with complex matrices reshaping the mechanical behavior, persistence, and associated environmental risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:01:18Z","timestamp":1789063278000},"page":"26168-26183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viscoelasticity\nof Vesicle-Cloaked Virus Clusters:\nInsights into Environmental Persistence"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1920-122X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3619-2409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0895-8160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Santiago D.","family":"Solares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Catholic University of America , , , ,","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-4092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danmeng","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University , , , ,","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026092210113124400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20686","article-title":"Rotavirus diarrhea\nin children and adults in a southern city of Brazil in 2003: distribution\nof G\/P types and finding of a rare G12 strain","volume":"78","author":"Pietruchinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012374410-4.00386-1","article-title":"Enteric viruses, encyclopedia of virology","author":"Bishop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Elsevier Ltd"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210113124400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.69.2.357-371.2005","article-title":"Enteric viruses\nof humans and animals in aquatic environments:\nhealth risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools","volume":"69","author":"Fong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210113124400_cit4","first-page":"485","article-title":"Waterborne\nenteroviruses as a hazard for human health","volume":"10","author":"Kocwa-Haluch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit5","volume-title":"Enteric viruses in\nwater","author":"Melnick","year":"1984"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210113124400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00560.x","article-title":"Viruses causing\ngastroenteritis","volume":"9","author":"Wilhelmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210113124400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.05.006","article-title":"High prevalence\nof enteric viruses in untreated individual drinking water sources\nand surface water in Slovenia","volume":"214","author":"Steyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg.\nEnviron. Health"},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit8","first-page":"16","article-title":"Viruses\nand the Gut","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th Smith\nKline and French International Workshop","author":"Walker-Smith","year":"1989"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210113124400_cit9","first-page":"191","article-title":"Human enteric\nviruses in the water environment: a minireview","volume":"1","author":"Bosch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.004","article-title":"A review on recent progress in the\ndetection methods and prevalence of human enteric viruses in water","volume":"135","author":"Haramoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210113124400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01470.x","article-title":"Enteric viruses in the aquatic environment","volume":"91","author":"Wyn-Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210113124400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.110-1240845","article-title":"Estimating the burden of disease\nfrom water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level","volume":"110","author":"Pru\u0308ss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092210113124400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002141","article-title":"An extensive gastroenteritis outbreak after\ndrinking-water contamination by sewage effluent, Finland","volume":"139","author":"Laine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210113124400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2217\/17460794.2.1.101","article-title":"Waterborne\nnorovirus outbreaks","volume":"2","author":"Maunula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210113124400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(02)00096-7","article-title":"Foodborne viruses","volume":"26","author":"Koopmans","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol.\nRev."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092210113124400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.03.044","article-title":"UV inactivation\nand resistance of rotavirus evaluated by integrated cell culture and\nreal-time RT-PCR assay","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140910","article-title":"Viruses in wastewater: occurrence,\nabundance and detection methods","volume":"745","author":"Corpuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-009-9013-x","article-title":"Viral removal by wastewater\ntreatment: monitoring of indicators and pathogens","volume":"1","author":"Carducci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210113124400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EW90015J","article-title":"Editorial Perspectives: 2019 novel\ncoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): what\nis its fate in urban water cycle and how can the water research community\nrespond?","volume":"6","author":"Naddeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: water Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.072","article-title":"Human and\nbovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: hydrologically relevant\nrepresentation and relations with environmental variables","volume":"490","author":"Corsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.020","article-title":"How much reduction of virus is needed\nfor recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment?","volume":"108","author":"Gerba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mran.2018.08.003","article-title":"Estimating the concentration\nof viral\npathogens and indicator organisms in the final effluent of wastewater\ntreatment processes using stochastic modelling","volume":"11","author":"Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbial. Risk Anal."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210113124400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2002.0340","article-title":"Sludge utilisation\nin agriculture: possibilities and prospects in Greece","volume":"46","author":"Andreadakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210113124400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1021\/es305181x","article-title":"Identification of viral\npathogen diversity in sewage\nsludge by metagenome analysis","volume":"47","author":"Bibby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit25","first-page":"135","article-title":"General considerations\non sludge disposal, industrial and municipal sludge","volume-title":"Industrial and municipal sludge","author":"Grobelak","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210113124400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.059634-0","article-title":"Norovirus\ngene expression and replication","volume":"95","author":"Thorne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092210113124400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00885","article-title":"Photosensitized electrospun nanofibrous\nfilters for capturing and killing airborne coronaviruses under visible\nlight irradiation","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210113124400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.032","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine Vesicles Enable\nEfficient En Bloc Transmission of Enteroviruses","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210113124400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/v10030139","article-title":"Enterovirus transmission by secretory\nautophagy","volume":"10","author":"Mutsafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.03.023","article-title":"Extracellular\nvesicles: Vehicles\nof en bloc viral transmission","volume":"265","author":"Altan-Bonnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01763","article-title":"Emerging Pathogenic\nUnit of Vesicle-Cloaked Murine Norovirus Clusters is Resistant to\nEnvironmental Stresses and UV254 Disinfection","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210113124400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.043","article-title":"Communication by extracellular vesicles: where we are\nand where we need to go","volume":"164","author":"Tkach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210113124400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004045","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B exits the host cell in shed\nmicrovesicles displaying autophagosomal markers","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.04.016","article-title":"Secretory autophagy","volume":"35","author":"Ponpuak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin.\nCell Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210113124400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.07.012","article-title":"All aboard! Enteric viruses travel together","volume":"24","author":"Mirabelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210113124400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1907-1916.2005","article-title":"Apoptosis, pyroptosis,\nand necrosis: mechanistic description\nof dead and dying eukaryotic cells","volume":"73","author":"Fink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect.\nImmun."},{"issue":"7445","key":"2026092210113124400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12029","article-title":"A pathogenic picornavirus acquires\nan envelope by hijacking\ncellular membranes","volume":"496","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210113124400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.11","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine is a global immunosuppressive\nsignal in efferocytosis, infectious disease, and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Birge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210113124400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.07.006","article-title":"Vesicle-cloaked\nvirus clusters are optimal units for inter-organismal viral transmission","volume":"24","author":"Santiana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-026-00608-x","article-title":"Discovery of Emerging Vesicle-Associated\nViruses in Wastewater and Implications for Engineering Interventions","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210113124400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00732","article-title":"Vesicle-cloaked rotavirus clusters are environmentally persistent\nand resistant to free chlorine disinfection","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6488","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13695","article-title":"Peroxide Disinfection\nof Vesicle-Cloaked Murine Norovirus Clusters: Vesicle Membranes Protect\nViruses from Inactivation","volume":"59","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12583","article-title":"Kinetics and\nMechanisms of Solar UVB Disinfection of Vesicle-Cloaked Murine Norovirus\nClusters and Free Noroviruses","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092210113124400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2602","article-title":"Multiparametric\nimaging of biological systems by force-distance\ncurve\u2013based AFM","volume":"10","author":"Dufre\u0302ne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210113124400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.77.062706.154450","article-title":"Structure and mechanics\nof membrane proteins","volume":"77","author":"Engel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7271-5_13","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy: an introduction","volume":"1665","author":"Piontek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Single Mol. Anal.: methods Prot."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210113124400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540004800516","article-title":"Affinity imaging\nof red blood cells using an atomic force microscope","volume":"48","author":"Grandbois","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210113124400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R110.001461","article-title":"Sampling\nprotein form and function\nwith the atomic force microscope","volume":"9","author":"Baclayon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell.\nProteomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210113124400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1797","article-title":"G. Physical virology","volume":"6","author":"Roos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026092210113124400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10274","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05716","article-title":"AFM-based\nhigh-throughput nanomechanical screening\nof single extracellular vesicles","volume":"92","author":"Ridolfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210113124400_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR09235E","article-title":"High content,\nquantitative AFM analysis of the scalable\nbiomechanical properties of extracellular vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Gazze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975919","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.975919","article-title":"High-resolution atomic\nforce microscopy as a tool for topographical\nmapping of surface budding","volume":"10","author":"Sbarigia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev.\nBiol."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00139","article-title":"Mechanical characterization\nof liposomes and extracellular vesicles, a protocol","volume":"7","author":"Vorselen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210113124400_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr05107b","article-title":"Force measurements on natural membrane\nnanovesicles\nreveal a composition-independent, high Young\u2019s modulus","volume":"6","author":"Calo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.05.002","article-title":"Atomic\nforce microscopy observation\nand characterization of single virions and virus-like particles by\nnano-indentation","volume":"18","author":"Marchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210113124400_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07302","article-title":"Competition between\nbending and internal pressure governs the mechanics of fluid nanovesicles","volume":"11","author":"Vorselen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210113124400_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2009.09.005","article-title":"Force and function:\nprobing proteins with AFM-based\nforce spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Puchner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210113124400_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth871","article-title":"Detection and localization of single molecular recognition\nevents using atomic force microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Hinterdorfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026092210113124400_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-02077-6","article-title":"Probing ligand-receptor\nbonds in physiologically relevant conditions using AFM","volume":"411","author":"Lo Giudice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092210113124400_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6552-8_18","article-title":"Mechanical properties of viruses","volume":"68","author":"de Pablo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Structure And Physics Of Viruses: an Integrated Textbook"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210113124400_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1613","article-title":"Physical\nvirology: From virus self-assembly\nto particle mechanics","volume":"12","author":"Buzo\u0301n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.:\nNanomed. 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