{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T19:46:58Z","timestamp":1792439218168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3715000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3715000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52270043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52270043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52670069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52670069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Granular activated carbon (GAC) is widely used to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from contaminated water, yet its sustainable regeneration remains challenging. Solvent-based regeneration preserves the carbon matrix but may shift environmental burdens toward solvent production, chemical use, energy demand, and downstream waste management. Here we present a life cycle assessment (LCA) of PFOS-laden GAC regeneration using deionized water (GAC-WR) and ethanol (GAC-ER). We identify electricity-driven elution and downstream incineration as the dominant environmental hotspots across 18 midpoint impact categories. Selected chemical-assisted configurations (NaOH-modified water and HCl-modified ethanol) improved regeneration efficiency and reduced environmental impacts under the evaluated conditions by reducing virgin GAC supplementation. An industrial-scale model incorporating equipment upscaling and thermal integration further mitigated laboratory-specific energy overestimation. Compared with the corresponding baseline scenarios using the global electricity mix, hydropower-based electricity reduces global warming potential to 3.30 and 8.26 kg CO2e kg\u20131 for GAC-WR and GAC-ER, respectively, while increasing life-cycle water consumption to 230% and 266% of the respective baselines. This cross-category burden shift demonstrates that reducing climate impacts does not necessarily reduce the broader life-cycle environmental footprint. Overall, sustainable solvent-based GAC regeneration requires balancing regeneration efficiency, energy supply, chemical inputs, solvent recovery, and management of PFAS-containing wastes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:01:40Z","timestamp":1792209700000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Life-Cycle\nBurden\nShifting in Solvent-Based Regeneration\nof PFOS-Laden Granular Activated Carbon"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518172"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-5343","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Runzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9279-8501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yumeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-7677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8188-9264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2026101915070139400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5107","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07185","article-title":"Systematic\nevidence mapping of potential exposure pathways for per- and polyfluoroalkyl\nsubstances based on measured occurrence in multiple media","volume":"57","author":"Holder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101915070139400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-024-01402-8","article-title":"Underestimated\nburden of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in global surface waters\nand groundwaters","volume":"17","author":"Ackerman Grunfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2022.05.005","article-title":"The ultrafiltration process enhances\nantibiotic removal in the full-scale advanced treatment of drinking\nwater","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.01.013","article-title":"Snapshot survey\nof the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances\nin products, articles, and the environment in Ecuador","volume":"37","author":"Fiedler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101915070139400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00255","article-title":"Scientific basis for\nmanaging PFAS as a chemical class","volume":"7","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2024.100579","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl\nsubstances (PFAS) exposure\nin biota and remediation strategies: Toxicological and biochemical\nperspectives","volume":"17","author":"Hossain","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129120","article-title":"A review of recent\nstudies on toxicity, sequestration,\nand degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"436","author":"Dickman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.03.010","article-title":"Promoting environmental\nrisk assessment and control of emerging contaminants in China","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026101915070139400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20761","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c03457","article-title":"Hydrophobic ion pairing as a pretreatment\nto enhance\nthe removal of short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances by\ngranular activated carbon","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026101915070139400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14637","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c01046","article-title":"Adsorption and dynamic\ncharacteristics of PFAS mixtures with kaolinite: Molecular insights\ninto the impact of chain length and functional group","volume":"59","author":"Loganathan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116119","article-title":"Organics\nremoval and in-situ granule\nactivated carbon regeneration in FBR-Fenton\/GACc process for reverse\nosmosis concentrate treatment","volume":"183","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122711","article-title":"Optimized\nsynthesis of granular fuel and granular activated carbon from sawdust\nhydrochar without binder","volume":"276","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137737","article-title":"Impacts of disinfection\nmethods in a granular activated carbon (GAC)\ntreatment system on disinfected drinking water toxicity","volume":"490","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115364","article-title":"Adsorption\nof perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater by granular activated\ncarbons: Roles of hydrophobicity of PFAS and carbon characteristics","volume":"170","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128908","article-title":"Granular\nactivated carbon stimulates biogas production in pilot-scale anaerobic\ndigester treating agro-industrial wastewater","volume":"376","author":"Kalantzis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026101915070139400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11512","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c02855","article-title":"Environment\u2013energy\u2013economy\nanalysis and related technical transition strategies for spent activated\ncarbon regeneration in China","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable\nChem. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101915070139400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobab.2021.03.003","article-title":"Synthesis\nand application of granular activated carbon from biomass waste materials\nfor water treatment: A review","volume":"6","author":"Jjagwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bioresour.\nBioprod."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.145325","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of the thermal oxidation and\npyrolysis of granular activated carbon loaded with perfluorooctane\nsulfonic acid (PFOS)","volume":"501","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.01.007","article-title":"Cyclic\nadsorption\/thermal regeneration of activated\ncarbons","volume":"106","author":"Ledesma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2013.02.013","article-title":"Thermal\nregeneration study of high\nsurface area activated carbon obtained from coconut shell: Characterization\nand application of response surface methodology","volume":"101","author":"Cazetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.01.077","article-title":"Efficient adsorption of PFOS and F53B from chrome plating wastewater\nand their subsequent degradation in the regeneration process","volume":"290","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115381","article-title":"Removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl\nsubstances (PFAS)\nfrom water by adsorption: Role of PFAS chain length, effect of organic\nmatter and challenges in adsorbent regeneration","volume":"171","author":"Gagliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112439","article-title":"Regeneration\nof per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance-laden granular activated carbon\nusing a solvent based technology","volume":"289","author":"Siriwardena","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nManage."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101915070139400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.3c00161","article-title":"Application\nof hydrothermal alkaline treatment to spent granular activated carbon:\nDestruction of adsorbed PFASs and adsorbent regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Soker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123892","article-title":"Remediation of poly-\nand perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contaminated soils - to mobilize\nor to immobilize or to degrade?","volume":"401","author":"Bolan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026101915070139400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w17192813","article-title":"Life after adsorption: Regeneration, management, and sustainability\nof PFAS adsorbents in water treatment","volume":"17","author":"Andrunik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141288","article-title":"Life cycle assessment-based\ndecision making under methodological uncertainty: A framework proposal","volume":"445","author":"Marson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124586","article-title":"Characterizing sustainability of green stormwater infrastructure\ntechnologies using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing: A\nsystematic review","volume":"288","author":"Oluk","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.06.009","article-title":"The future of environmental engineering\ntechnology: A disruptive innovation perspective","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117798","article-title":"Life cycle environmental impacts of regeneration options\nfor anion exchange resin remediation of PFAS impacted water","volume":"207","author":"Boyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120324","article-title":"Life cycle\nassessment and life cycle cost analysis of anion exchange and granular\nactivated carbon systems for remediation of groundwater contaminated\nby per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)","volume":"243","author":"Ellis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.06.164","article-title":"From laboratory to\nindustrial scale: A scale-up framework for chemical processes in life\ncycle assessment studies","volume":"135","author":"Piccinno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.06.085","article-title":"Life cycle and human\nhealth risk assessments as tools\nfor decision making in the design and implementation of nanofiltration\nin drinking water treatment plants","volume":"466\u2013467","author":"Ribera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.08.035","article-title":"Comparative\nlife cycle assessment of water treatment plants","volume":"284","author":"Bonton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.04.005","article-title":"Regeneration of PFOS loaded activated\ncarbon by hot water and subsequent\naeration enrichment of PFOS from eluent","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116356","article-title":"Comparative\nlife cycle assessment\nof activated carbon production from various raw materials","volume":"324","author":"Vile\u0301n","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2024.120623","article-title":"Regeneration of perfluorooctane\nsulfonic\nacid (PFOS) loaded granular activated carbon using organic\/inorganic\nmixed solutions","volume":"300","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101915070139400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2005.02.005","article-title":"Economical and ecological\ncomparison of granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorber refill strategies","volume":"39","author":"Bayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101915070139400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1039\/D3VA00312D","article-title":"Life cycle\nassessment of chitosan\nmodified Ni\u2013Fe layered double hydroxide for arsenic(iii) sequestration\nin aqueous medium: Comparison of the impacts of adsorbent recycling,\ninstrument use and source of energy","volume":"3","author":"Bisaria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci.: Adv."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.03.045","article-title":"Enhanced adsorption of perfluorooctane\nsulfonate and perfluorooctanoate by bamboo-derived granular activated\ncarbon","volume":"282","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101915070139400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105555","article-title":"Insights\ninto chemical regeneration\nof activated carbon for water treatment","volume":"9","author":"Larasati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\nEnviron. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123310","article-title":"Unveiling\nthe environmental sustainability of Ti4O7 electrified\nmembrane for perfluorooctanoic acid removal","volume":"277","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101915070139400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-017-1432-6","article-title":"Uncertainty in LCA\ncase study due to allocation approaches and life cycle impact assessment\nmethods","volume":"23","author":"Cherubini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.07.006","article-title":"Lca data\nquality: Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis","volume":"435\u2013436","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit45","article-title":"Climate Change 2021: The Physical\nScience Basis.\nContribution of Working Group i to the Sixth Assessment Report of\nthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Masson-Delmotte","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.03.073","article-title":"Life cycle assessment\nof activated carbon production\nfrom coconut shells","volume":"125","author":"Arena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133224","article-title":"Implication of cation-bridging interaction\ncontribution to sorption\nof perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids by soils","volume":"290","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.12.039","article-title":"Use of strong\nanion exchange resins for the removal of perfluoroalkylated substances\nfrom contaminated drinking water in batch and continuous pilot plants","volume":"91","author":"Zaggia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026101915070139400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.02.002","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of nuclear-based\nhydrogen and\nammonia production options: A comparative evaluation","volume":"42","author":"Bicer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.119162","article-title":"Catalytic hydrothermal carbonization\nof corn and rice straws with citric acid: Implications for charcoal\nproduction and combustion performance","volume":"219","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind.\nCrops Prod."},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.07.012","article-title":"An insight into the\nimproved capacitive deionization performance of activated carbon treated\nby sulfuric acid","volume":"176","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.137743","article-title":"Electrochemical degradation of PFOA\nand its common\nalternatives: Assessment of key parameters, roles of active species,\nand transformation pathway","volume":"315","author":"Zeidabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026101915070139400_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151355","article-title":"PFAS degradation\nby anodic electrooxidation: Influence of BDD electrode configuration\nand presence of dissolved organic matter","volume":"489","author":"Saleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. 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