{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:44:37Z","timestamp":1792403077356,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reports of microplastics (MPs) in human blood and tissues have intensified interest in the relationship between external exposure and internal measurements. This area of research remains poorly understood, with no clear resolution, as the current biomonitoring data still lack a quantitative linkage to environmental sources that could support risk-relevant interpretation. Here, we employ an illustrative pipeline spanning exposure synthesis, probabilistic intake modeling, compositional fingerprinting, and pharmacokinetic compatibility mapping to clarify what existing evidence can and cannot support. While the available data permit an uncertainty-aware assessment of numerical and compositional plausibility, they fall short of enabling mechanistic attribution or reliable pathway ranking. The limitations stem from nonaligned size domains, pervasive analytical heterogeneity, and unresolved toxicokinetic parameters that make inverse modeling nonidentifiable, given current evidence. We therefore argue that the field must move beyond detection and propose a coordinated roadmap centered on size-resolved methodological harmonization, human-relevant kinetic constraints, paired-matrix designs, uncertainty-explicit reporting, and open, interoperable data infrastructure. Resolving the intake\u2013detection gap is essential to transition from a catalog of detections to interpretable internal measurements that can credibly inform exposure-reduction priorities and risk-relevant research without making premature causal or toxicological claims. Our diagnostic approach is intended as an interim interpretability check pending improved toxicokinetic parametrization and the development of multimetric biomonitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:07:38Z","timestamp":1788314858000},"page":"25167-25175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interpreting\nthe\nMicroplastics Intake\u2013Detection\nGap in Human Biomonitoring"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-8764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , , ,","place":["Weihai, PR China, 264209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6460-831X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , , ,","place":["Weihai, PR China, 264209"]},{"name":"Qingdao Research Institute , , ,","place":["Qingdao, PR China, 266109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-1759","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , , ,","place":["Weihai, PR China, 264209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangfeng","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , , ,","place":["Weihai, PR China, 264209"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-6328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Austin","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech , , , ,","place":["Blacksburg, Virginia, United States, 24061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GHD , , ,","place":["Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5J 3P4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3524-5513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ateia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University , , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77005"]},{"name":"University of Washington , , , ,","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States, 98195"]},{"name":"AECOM Technical Services , , ,","place":["Austin, Texas, United States, 78729"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , , ,","place":["Weihai, PR China, 264209"]},{"name":"Qingdao Research Institute , , ,","place":["Qingdao, PR China, 266109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04179","article-title":"Detection of Microplastics in Human\nTissues and Organs: A Scoping Review","volume":"14","author":"Roslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob.\nHealth"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026091511114546400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16213703","article-title":"Microplastics in the Human Body: Exposure, Detection,\nand Risk of Carcinogenesis: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"16","author":"Dzierz\u0307yn\u0301ski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","article-title":"Plasticenta: First\nEvidence of Microplastics in Human Placenta","volume":"146","author":"Ragusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154907","article-title":"Detection of Microplastics in Human Lung Tissue Using\n\u039cFTIR Spectroscopy","volume":"831","author":"Jenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of The Total\nEnvironment"},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126124","article-title":"Presence of Airborne Microplastics\nin Human Lung Tissue","volume":"416","author":"Amato-Lourenc\u0327o","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511114546400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0618","article-title":"Detection of Various Microplastics\nin Human Stool","volume":"171","author":"Schwabl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724989","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.724989","article-title":"A Review of\nHuman Exposure to Microplastics and Insights\nInto Microplastics as Obesogens","volume":"12","author":"Kannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol.\n(Lausanne)."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124004","article-title":"Estimation\nof the Mass of Microplastics Ingested -\nA Pivotal First Step towards Human Health Risk Assessment","volume":"404","author":"Senathirajah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091511114546400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5084","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07384","article-title":"Lifetime\nAccumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults","volume":"55","author":"Mohamed Nor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091511114546400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00423","article-title":"Plastic and Human\nHealth: A Micro Issue?","volume":"51","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162193","article-title":"There\u2019s\nSomething in the Air: A Review of Sources, Prevalence and Behaviour\nof Microplastics in the Atmosphere","volume":"874","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science\nof The Total Environment"},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123857","article-title":"Microplastics in Drinking\nWater: A Review on Methods, Occurrence, Sources, and Potential Risks\nAssessment","volume":"348","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. 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Int."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated\nGuideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.054","article-title":"Microplastics\nin Freshwaters and Drinking Water: Critical\nReview and Assessment of Data Quality","volume":"155","author":"Koelmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026091511114546400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27190","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04016J","article-title":"Geographical Heterogeneity and Dominant Polymer Types\nin Microplastic Contamination of Lentic Ecosystems: Implications for\nMethodological Standardization and Future Research","volume":"13","author":"Miranda-Pen\u0303a","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128417","article-title":"Implications of\nMethod- and Instrument-Based Size Detection Limits in \u039cFTIR-Based\nMicroplastic Analysis","volume":"296","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091511114546400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human Consumption\nof Microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00602-9","article-title":"Towards a Risk Assessment Framework for Micro- and Nanoplastic Particles\nfor Human Health","volume":"21","author":"Vogel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Particle and Fibre Toxicology\n2024 21:1"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026091511114546400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11886","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00178","article-title":"Chemical\nAnalysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods,\nand Perspectives","volume":"121","author":"Ivleva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091511114546400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702820930292","article-title":"Reporting\nGuidelines\nto Increase the Reproducibility and Comparability of Research on Microplastics","volume":"74","author":"Cowger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091511114546400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.9b00379","article-title":"Simplifying Microplastic\nvia Continuous Probability\nDistributions for Size, Shape, and Density","volume":"6","author":"Kooi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.128151","article-title":"From Properties to\nToxicity: Comparing Microplastics to Other Airborne Microparticles","volume":"428","author":"Wieland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091511114546400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.3390\/app15116135","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Toxicokinetics of Micro-\nand Nanoplastics in Mammals Following Digestive Exposure","volume":"15","author":"Popa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Applied Sciences 2025, Vol. 15, Page 6135"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-023-00561-7","article-title":"Comparison\nof PET Tracing and Biodistribution between 64Cu-Labeled Micro-and\nNano-Polystyrene in a Murine Inhalation Model","volume":"21","author":"Shanmugiah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2024 21:1"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687","article-title":"Tissue Accumulation\nof Microplastics in Mice and Biomarker Responses Suggest Widespread\nHealth Risks of Exposure","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-021-00024-w","article-title":"Advanced Epithelial\nLung and Gut Barrier Models Demonstrate Passage of Microplastic Particles","volume":"2","author":"Donkers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microplastics and Nanoplastics 2021 2:1"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091511114546400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3967\/BES2022.131","article-title":"Evidence on Invasion\nof Blood, Adipose Tissues, Nervous System and Reproductive System\nof Mice After a Single Oral Exposure: Nanoplastics versus Microplastics","volume":"35","author":"YANG","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c07946","article-title":"What Drives Microplastic Exposure in Human Blood and\nFeces? Machine Learning Reveals Potential Key Influencing Factors","volume":"60","author":"Tu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67876-1","article-title":"Size-Dependent\nTranslocation of Polystyrene Nanoplastics across Biological Barriers\nin Mammals","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature Communications 2025 17:1"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091511114546400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297","article-title":"Are We Speaking the\nSame Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization\nFramework for Plastic Debris","volume":"53","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09998-6","article-title":"Atmospheric Microplastic Emissions\nfrom Land and Ocean","volume":"649","author":"Evangelou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature 2026"},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138883","article-title":"Patterns of\nMicroparticles in Blank\nSamples: A Study to Inform Best Practices for Microplastic Analysis","volume":"333","author":"Munno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111522","article-title":"The Importance of Contamination Control in Airborne\nFibers and Microplastic Sampling: Experiences from Indoor and Outdoor\nAir Sampling in Aveiro, Portugal","volume":"159","author":"Prata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut.\nBull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02320-2","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment on the Distribution Patterns\nof Microplastics\nin Global Inland Waters","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Communications Earth\n& Environment 2025 6:1"},{"key":"2026091511114546400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazadv.2024.100416","article-title":"Sampling, Separation,\nand Characterization\nMethodology for Quantification of Microplastic from the Environment","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Advances"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511114546400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01525-7","article-title":"Analytical Methods\nfor Microplastics in the Environment:\nA Review","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"46","key":"2026091511114546400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20502","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c02406","article-title":"Microplastics\nand Trash Cleaning\nand Harmonization (MaTCH): Semantic Data Ingestion and Harmonization\nUsing Artificial Intelligence","volume":"58","author":"Hapich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026091511114546400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12705","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c04158","article-title":"Drinking Water\nQuality after the Target List","volume":"60","author":"Ateia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06922","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/36\/25167\/67584794\/acs.est.6c06922.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/36\/25167\/67584794\/acs.est.6c06922.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:19:09Z","timestamp":1789485549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/36\/25167\/5347394\/Interpreting-the-Microplastics-Intake-Detection"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c06922","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}