{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:01Z","timestamp":1792784641700,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017661","name":"Shanghai Tongji Gao Tingyao Environmental Science and Technology Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32571890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32571890"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While electric vehicles can mitigate exhaust emissions, their greater mass and rapid torque accelerate tire wear particle (TWP) emissions, threatening soil ecosystems. However, whether TWPs systemically undermine the physiological integrity of soil organisms remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TWPs induce systemic bioenergetic collapse in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. TWPs disrupted biological barriers through synergistic physical abrasion and chemical leaching. This structural collapse manifested histologically as epidermal sloughing and intestinal villous atrophy, accompanied by an increase in mucus coverage from 1.77 to 3.96%, and molecularly as synchronized transcriptional suppression of extracellular matrix networks. Continuous toxic leachate influx overwhelmed detoxification pathways, triggering severe oxidative stress. Faced with this persistent dual threat, earthworms adopted an unsustainable physiological trade-off. They drastically suppressed key nutrient assimilation, as evidenced by a 33.9\u201347.8% reduction in lipase activity, and reallocated limited energy resources to lipid-driven inflammatory defenses. This critical energy shift ultimately disrupted the PI3K-Akt survival signaling pathway and precipitated immunosuppressive exhaustion. Consequently, this lethal metabolic-immune dysregulation triggered a rapid wasting syndrome characterized by weight loss exceeding 0.3 g and up to 40% mortality. Our findings redefine TWP toxicity as an energy allocation crisis, highlighting an underestimated ecological vulnerability associated with modern traffic emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:04:41Z","timestamp":1788462281000},"page":"26184-26196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tire Wear Particles\nDrive a Systemic Bioenergetic\nCollapse in\n                    <i>Eisenia fetida<\/i>\n                    via Coupled\nBarrier Erosion and Metabolic-Immune Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Ruiying","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuexing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianv","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1352-0243","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weitao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300350"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2028-1295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Baoshan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts , , , ,","place":["Amherst, Massachusetts, United States, 01003"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6621","key":"2026092210104125700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade2310","article-title":"Defining the onset of the Anthropocene","volume":"378","author":"Waters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancene.2016.01.002","article-title":"The geological\ncycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the\nAnthropocene","volume":"13","author":"Zalasiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anthropocene"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210104125700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2022.2047581","article-title":"Tire wear particles:\nAn emerging threat to soil health","volume":"53","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev.\nEnviron. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boucher, J.; Friot, D.\n          Primary microplastics in the\noceans: A global evaluation of sources. 2017.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026092210104125700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19372","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04126","article-title":"Persistent environmental\ninjustice due to brake and tire wear emissions\nand heavy-duty trucks in future California zero-emission fleets","volume":"58","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.178848","article-title":"Projecting airborne\ntire wear particle emissions in the United States in the era of electric\nvehicles","volume":"967","author":"Foroutan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116782","article-title":"A review of tire wear\nparticles: Occurrence, adverse effects, and\ncontrol strategies","volume":"283","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210104125700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07878","article-title":"Photoaged\ntire wear particles leading to the oxidative damage on\nearthworms (Eisenia fetida) by disrupting the antioxidant\ndefense system: The definitive role of environmental free radicals","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026092210104125700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21143","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c07188","article-title":"Impact of\npristine and aged tire wear particles on Ipomoea aquatica and rhizospheric microbial communities: Insights from a long-term\nexposure study","volume":"58","author":"Zeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210104125700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c09766","article-title":"Tire wear\nparticles exposure enhances denitrification in soil by enriching labile\ndom and shaping the microbial community","volume":"59","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135694","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of\nmicronized tire rubber: Past, present and future considerations","volume":"706","author":"Halle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6525","key":"2026092210104125700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd6951","article-title":"A ubiquitous tire rubber\u2013derived chemical induces\nacute mortality in coho salmon","volume":"371","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136497","article-title":"Tire wear particle\nleachate exhibits trophic and multi-generational\namplification: Potential threat to population viability","volume":"480","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140296","article-title":"Comparative\ntoxicity of tire wear particle leachates: Zinc as a key toxicant affecting\ndevelopment and motility in zebrafish larvae","volume":"499","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123384","article-title":"Effects of\nlong-term exposure to tire wear particle leachate on life-cycle\nchronic toxicity and potential toxic mechanisms in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus","volume":"279","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water. Res."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2023.109713","article-title":"Acute toxicity of tire wear particles\nand leachate to Daphnia magna","volume":"272","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139474","article-title":"Soil heterogeneity influences the\nbiotoxicity of photoaged tire wear particles in Eisenia fetida: A comparative assessment","volume":"496","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107190","article-title":"Two types\nof microplastics (polystyrene-HBCD and car tire abrasion) affect oxidative\nstress-related biomarkers in earthworm Eisenia andrei in a time-dependent\nmanner","volume":"163","author":"Lackmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173948","article-title":"Characteristics\nof tire-road wear particles (TRWPs) and road pavement\nwear particles (RPWPs) generated through a novel tire abrasion simulator\nbased on real road pavement conditions","volume":"944","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148613","article-title":"Ecotoxicological\neffects of micronized car tire wear particles and their heavy metals\non the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in soil","volume":"793","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166470","article-title":"High levels of tire\nwear particles in soils along low traffic roads","volume":"903","author":"R\u00f8dland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127092","article-title":"A novel method\nfor the quantification of tire and polymer-modified bitumen particles\nin environmental samples by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectroscopy","volume":"423","author":"R\u00f8dland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210104125700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.09.028","article-title":"Occurrence and effects of tire wear particles in the\nenvironment-A\ncritical review and an initial risk assessment","volume":"157","author":"Wik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092210104125700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11910","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03695","article-title":"Method\ndevelopment for separation and analysis of tire and road wear particles\nfrom roadside soil samples","volume":"56","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Hazard.\nMater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210104125700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05478","article-title":"Microplastics in the terrestrial\necosystem: Implications for Lumbricus terrestris (oligochaeta,\nlumbricidae)","volume":"50","author":"Huerta Lwanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026092210104125700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16788","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04097","article-title":"Microplastics-back\nto reality: Impact of pristine and aged microplastics in soil on earthworm Eisenia fetida under environmentally relevant conditions","volume":"57","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Saf."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2025.109809","article-title":"Let\u2019s get functional:\nRelationship between earthworm traits and physicochemical cast properties","volume":"207","author":"Zi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil. Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"2026092210104125700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122133","article-title":"Size-induced\ntoxic effect of plastic particles on earthworms characterized by gut\nmulti-omics analysis","volume":"283","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026092210104125700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13980","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c02915","article-title":"Insight into bioaccumulation of decabromodiphenyl\nethane in Eisenia fetida increased by microplastics","volume":"57","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210104125700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3896","article-title":"Mechanotransduction\nand extracellular\nmatrix homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Humphrey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210104125700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.70154","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in focal adhesion signaling regulating\ntumor anoikis resistance","volume":"116","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210104125700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.124941","article-title":"The sarcomeric\ncytoskeleton: from\nmolecules to motion","volume":"219","author":"Gautel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. 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