{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:42:01Z","timestamp":1792784521583,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZD1208102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1208102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52430003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52430003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Current global biodiversity conservation targets focus predominantly on terrestrial habitat protection and reducing deforestation. However, these targets may overlook the climate-biodiversity nexus and the structural shift of global biodiversity threats. This study constructs a multistressor biodiversity footprint (BF) assessment framework to quantify the biodiversity impacts driven by land use, carbon emissions, and water consumption. Using the EXIOBASE 3.9.6 database and the LC-IMPACT model, we traced temporal changes in consumption-based BFs across 49 economies for 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2022. Results show that while land-use BF remained the largest contributor to the global total BF, its relative contribution declined from 55.4% to 46.9%. Concurrently, the contribution of carbon-emission BF increased from 23.8% to 29.5% and exhibited more widespread cross-border displacement compared to traditional land-use impacts. Sectoral analysis further reveals that the key sectoral drivers of biodiversity impacts are transitioning from agricultural and forestry sectors to carbon-intensive energy and construction sectors. These findings highlight the need to complement land-focused territorial conservation with climate-related biodiversity governance. They also point to the importance of shared responsibility for biodiversity conservation in global supply chains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c06984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T14:37:29Z","timestamp":1788100649000},"page":"27754-27766","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural Shift\nof Global Consumption-Based Biodiversity\nThreats from Land to Climate"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3488-9536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gengyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-0893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6694","key":"2026100609071430300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn3441","article-title":"Global Trends and Scenarios for Terrestrial Biodiversity\nand Ecosystem Services from 1900 to 2050","volume":"384","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit2","volume-title":"Living Planet Report 2024 \u2013 A System\nin Peril","author":"WWF.","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit3","unstructured":"IUCN.\n          .  The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN\nRed List of Threatened Species. https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/en (accessed Dec 23, 2025)."},{"issue":"7263","key":"2026100609071430300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/461472a","article-title":"A Safe Operating Space for Humanity","volume":"461","author":"Rockstro\u0308m","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.48485\/PIK.2025.017","volume-title":"Planetary Health Check 2025: A Scientific\nAssessment of the State of the Planet","author":"Sakschewski","year":"2025"},{"issue":"7545","key":"2026100609071430300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14324","article-title":"Global Effects of Land Use on Local\nTerrestrial Biodiversity","volume":"520","author":"Newbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7656","key":"2026100609071430300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22900","article-title":"Future Threats to Biodiversity\nand Pathways to Their\nPrevention","volume":"546","author":"Tilman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100609071430300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400253","article-title":"Accelerated Modern Human\u2013Induced\nSpecies Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction","volume":"1","author":"Ceballos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100609071430300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500052","article-title":"Habitat\nFragmentation and Its Lasting Impact on Earth\u2019s Ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Haddad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100609071430300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00656-5","article-title":"Proactive Conservation to Prevent Habitat Losses to\nAgricultural Expansion","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sustainability"},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009325844","volume-title":"Climate Change 2022 \u2013 Impacts, Adaptation\nand Vulnerability:\nWorking Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"IPCC.","year":"2022","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit12","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity.\n          . Kunming-Montreal\nGlobal Biodiversity\nFramework, 2022. https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/decisions\/cop-15\/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf (accessed Apr 7, 2026)."},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit13","first-page":"640","volume-title":"The European Green Deal","author":"European Commission.","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6045","key":"2026100609071430300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206432","article-title":"Rapid Range\nShifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming","volume":"333","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-822373-4.00025-2","article-title":"Climate Change and Terrestrial\nBiodiversity","volume-title":"The Impacts of Climate Change","author":"Warren","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6642","key":"2026100609071430300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4881","article-title":"Overcoming the Coupled Climate and\nBiodiversity Crises and Their Societal Impacts","volume":"380","author":"Po\u0308rtner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1881","key":"2026100609071430300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180792","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.0792","article-title":"Future Effects\nof Climate and Land-Use Change on Terrestrial Vertebrate Community\nDiversity under Different Scenarios","volume":"285","author":"Newbold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2018.01.005","article-title":"How to Quantify Biodiversity Footprints\nof Consumption?\nA Review of Multi-Regional Input\u2013Output Analysis and Life Cycle\nAssessment","volume":"29","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100609071430300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0113-9","article-title":"Environmental and Social\nFootprints of International\nTrade","volume":"11","author":"Wiedmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"e1","key":"2026100609071430300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/sus.2019.23","article-title":"Quantifying\nEurope\u2019s Biodiversity Footprints and the Role of Urbanization\nand Income","volume":"3","author":"Koslowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609071430300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40743","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40743","article-title":"Resource Footprints\nand Their Ecosystem Consequences","volume":"7","author":"Verones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100609071430300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01433-4","article-title":"Biodiversity Impacts of Recent Land-Use\nChange Driven by Increases in Agri-Food Imports","volume":"7","author":"Cabernard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Life Cycle Assess."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100609071430300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.03.049","article-title":"Water Consumption\nand Biodiversity: Responses to Global Emergency Events","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100609071430300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05296","article-title":"Quantifying\nBiodiversity Losses Due to Human Consumption: A Global-Scale Footprint\nAnalysis","volume":"51","author":"Wilting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609071430300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49999-z","article-title":"Impacts of the Global\nFood System on Terrestrial Biodiversity from Land Use and Climate\nChange","volume":"15","author":"Boakes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.70023","article-title":"The Updated\nand Improved Method for Water Scarcity Impact Assessment in LCA, AWARE2.0","volume":"29","author":"Seitfudem","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100609071430300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113884119","article-title":"Biodiversity\nEffects of Food System\nSustainability Actions from Farm to Fork","volume":"119","author":"Read","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100609071430300_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1246-y","article-title":"ReCiPe2016: A Harmonised Life Cycle Impact Assessment\nMethod at Midpoint and Endpoint Level","volume":"22","author":"Huijbregts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Life Cycle Assess."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100609071430300_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-019-01583-0","article-title":"IMPACT World+: A Globally Regionalized\nLife Cycle Impact Assessment Method","volume":"24","author":"Bulle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J.\nLife Cycle Assess."},{"key":"2026100609071430300_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.02.003","article-title":"Towards More\nAccurate and Policy Relevant Footprint Analyses: Tracing Fine-Scale\nSocio-Environmental Impacts of Production to Consumption","volume":"112","author":"Godar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100609071430300_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1465","article-title":"Reconceptualizing\nSynergism and Antagonism\namong Multiple Stressors","volume":"5","author":"Piggott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609071430300_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2020.08.019","article-title":"Improving\nPredictions of Climate Change\u2013Land Use Change Interactions","volume":"36","author":"Schulte To Bu\u0308hne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100609071430300_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.271","article-title":"Interactions between Climate Change\nand Land Use Change\non Biodiversity: Attribution Problems, Risks, and Opportunities","volume":"5","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. 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