{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:12:31Z","timestamp":1788437551231,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0018420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0018420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Strategic biorefinery siting is critical for a diversified bioeconomy, yet industry, policy, and research often focus on either large-scale biofuel plants or smaller-scale specialty bioproduct facilities, with limited coordination across scales. We address this gap by modeling biorefinery deployment spanning a 28-fold difference in capacity. We developed an open-source, spatially explicit framework integrating techno-economic analysis with logistics and refinery cost surrogate models to evaluate multiscale miscanthus-derived biorefineries across the rainfed U.S. for the production of ethanol, succinic acid, lactic acid, potassium sorbate, and acrylic acid. Overall costs change little as feedstock density increases, while transport distances decrease by \u223c30 to 67% (\u223c100 km) and siting flexibility improves. Specifically, a 5-fold feedstock density increase (2% to 10% of suitable land) reduces minimum selling prices by &amp;lt;10% (e.g., 0.27 USD\u00b7gal\u20131 for ethanol). This limited economic sensitivity suggests dense planting is not required for competitive deployment, particularly for smaller-scale facilities. Representing collection areas as irregular rather than circular expands the feasible space under low-density scenarios. While large-scale refineries anchor regional supply chains, smaller facilities retain spatial flexibility even when large refineries are established. These findings highlight the importance of spatial representation and multiscale coordination for robust, regionally tailored biomanufacturing networks to advance renewable carbon integration without extensive land conversion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c07048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T07:46:28Z","timestamp":1787471188000},"page":"24031-24043","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial\nOptimization\nof Multiscale Biorefinery Deployment\nfor a Diversified Bioeconomy in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7976-720X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Florencia","family":"Bianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2212Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]},{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2212Champaign , , 205 N. Mathews Avenue , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel M.","family":"Reyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2212Champaign , , 205 N. Mathews Avenue , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2212Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]},{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2212Champaign , , 205 N. Mathews Avenue , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2489-2579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Guest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2212Champaign , , 1206 W. Gregory Drive , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]},{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana\u2212Champaign , , 205 N. Mathews Avenue , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-24977-X_2","article-title":"Facility Location\nin Supply Chain Design","volume-title":"Logistics Systems:\ndesign and Optimization","author":"Daskin","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2018.08.005","article-title":"The Growing U.S. Bioeconomy: Drivers, Development and Constraints","volume":"49","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit3","unstructured":"Wince-Smith, D.\n          \n          U.S. Bioeconomy:\nFrom Farm To Factory \u2500 A Generational Opportunity; Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/deborahwince-smith\/2025\/11\/20\/the-us-bioeconomy-from-farm-to-factory---a-generational-opportunity\/ (accessed 13 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit4","unstructured":"Krueger, E.\n          \n          BIO report demonstrates\neconomic power of US bioeconomy; Ethanol\nProducer Magazine, https:\/\/ethanolproducer.com\/articles\/bio-report-demonstrates-economic-power-of-us-bioeconomy (accessed 13 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit5","unstructured":"Renewable Fuels Association (RFA).\n          \n          Annual Ethanol\nProduction. Renewable Fuels Association; https:\/\/ethanolrfa.org\/markets-and-statistics\/annual-ethanol-production (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit6","unstructured":"Market Growth Reports.\n          \n          Lactic Acid & Poly Lactic\nAcid (PLA) Market Size, Trends, Growth | 2035 Report; 2026. https:\/\/www.marketgrowthreports.com\/market-reports\/lactic-acid-poly-lactic-acid-pla-market-111566 (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit7","unstructured":"Chemanalyst.\n          \n          Succinic Acid Market Size, Share, Growth\n& Forecast 2035: Succinic Acid Market Analysis; https:\/\/www.chemanalyst.com\/industry-report\/succinic-acid-market-2899 (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit8","unstructured":"Chemanalyst.\n          \n          Potassium Sorbate Market Size, Share,\nTrend and Forecast to 2035; Potassium Sorbate Market Analysis; https:\/\/www.chemanalyst.com\/industry-report\/potassium-sorbate-market-3073 (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit9","unstructured":"Grand View Research.\n          \n          Potassium Sorbate Market (2025\n- 2033); GVR-4\u201368040\u2013639\u20136, 2024. https:\/\/www.grandviewresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/potassium-sorbate-market-report (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit10","unstructured":"KBV Research.\n          \n          North America Acrylic Acid Market Size\n& Forecast to 2030; KBV\u201319415; 2024; p 130. https:\/\/www.kbvresearch.com\/north-america-acrylic-acid-market\/ (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit11","unstructured":"Krueger, E.\n          \n          PTT Chemical invests\n$60 million in Myriant Technologies; Biomass\nMagazine. https:\/\/biomassmagazine.com\/\/articles\/ptt-chemical-invests-60-million-in-myriant-technologies-6782 (accessed 31 March 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit12","unstructured":"ADM.\n          \n          ADM\nReports Fourth Quarter and Full-year 2025\nResults; Provides 2026 Guidance; https:\/\/investors.adm.com\/news\/news-details\/2026\/ADM-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-year-2025-Results-Provides-2026-Guidance\/default.aspx (accessed 31 March 2026)."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307142226000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6276","DOI":"10.1021\/ie101921y","article-title":"Facility Location and Supply Chain\nOptimization for a Biorefinery","volume":"50","author":"Bowling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. 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Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83373","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3560778","article-title":"Location-Allocation\nof a Biorefinery Based on Linguistic Mixed Integer\nNonlinear Mathematical Modeling","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307142226000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.70136","article-title":"Biorefinery Siting\nand Sizing to\nAchieve the US Billion-Ton Bioeconomy Vision: A Case Study Using a\nGasification\u2013Fischer\u2013Tropsch Process","volume":"20","author":"Kamath","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biofuels, Bioprod. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23720\/BT2023\/2316165","volume-title":"2023 Billion-Ton Report:\nAn Assessment of U.S. Renewable Carbon Sources","author":"U.S. Department of Energy","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307142226000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1975","article-title":"Supply and Value Chain Analysis of\nMixed Biomass Feedstock Supply System for Lignocellulosic Sugar Production","volume":"13","author":"Baral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307142226000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.04.027","article-title":"Switchgrass\n(Panicum vigratum, L.) delivery to a biorefinery\nusing integrated biomass supply analysis and logistics (IBSAL) model","volume":"98","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit36","unstructured":"Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS).\n          \n          North\nAmerican Roads. National Transportation Atlas Database; 2024. https:\/\/geodata.bts.gov\/datasets\/0b6c2fd2e3ac40a7929cdff1d4cf604a\/explore (accessed 24 September 2024)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/2480362.2480364","article-title":"Spatial Interpolation:\nAn Analytical Comparison between Kriging and RBF Networks","volume-title":"SAC\u201913: Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium\non Applied Computing","author":"Fazio","year":"2013"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307142226000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b07040","article-title":"BioSTEAM: A Fast\nand Flexible Platform for the Design, Simulation, and Techno-Economic\nAnalysis of Biorefineries under Uncertainty","volume":"8","author":"Cortes-Pen\u0303a","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. 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Environ."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit42","unstructured":"Primrose, J.\n          \n          Cellulosic Ethanol \u2013\nIs a revival underway?\n          Stillwater Associates, https:\/\/stillwaterassociates.com\/cellulosic-ethanol-is-a-revival-underway\/ (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit43","unstructured":"market.us.\n          \n          Cellulosic Ethanol Market; 147459; 2025; p 367. https:\/\/market.us\/report\/global-cellulosic-ethanol-market\/ (accessed\n16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit44","unstructured":"Krueger, E.\n          \n          SkyNRG, ICF Release 2025\nSAF Outlook; Biomass Magazine, 2025. https:\/\/biomassmagazine.com\/\/articles\/skynrg-icf-release-2025-saf-outlook (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026090307142226000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16659","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c05441","article-title":"Sustainable Production of Acrylic\nAcid via 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass","volume":"9","author":"Bhagwat","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. 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Eng."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit53","unstructured":"Tridge.\n          \n          Global Potassium Sorbate\nPrice; Tridge. https:\/\/dir.tridge.com\/prices\/potassium-sorbate (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit54","unstructured":"Fortune Bussiess Insights.\n          \n          Potassium Sorbate Market\nSize, Share, Trends, Forecast, 2034; FBI113166; Fortune; 2026; p 128. https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/potassium-sorbate-market-113166 (accessed 16 February 2026)."},{"key":"2026090307142226000_cit55","unstructured":"Tridge.\n          \n          Global Lactic acid Price; Tridge. https:\/\/dir.tridge.com\/prices\/lactic-acid-l-d-and-dl (accessed\n16 February 2026)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307142226000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c08055","article-title":"Sustainable Lactic\nAcid Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. 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