{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:02:00Z","timestamp":1791295320336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000879","name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SLOAN G-2019-12467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLOAN G-2019-12467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4), an ultrabasic mineral primarily found in peridotite rock, is earth-abundant and thus has great potential to store anthropogenic CO2 at a scale relevant to climate change mitigation. The groundwater from geologic formations composed of peridotite, such as the Samail Ophiolite in Oman, has an ultrahigh pH (&amp;gt;10), which is underexplored as a direct carbonation condition. This study investigated a wide range of initial pH (3\u201314) to elucidate the roles of pH and alkalinity during the direct carbonation behavior of olivine at a high temperature (185 \u00b0C). Despite the expected negative correlation between pH and olivine dissolution kinetics, this study revealed that alkaline pH conditions significantly enhance direct carbonation kinetics. The study also determined the effects of initial total alkalinity and the roles of different alkalinity sources, offering valuable perspectives for estimating direct carbonation behavior across a wide range of reaction conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c07064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:02:37Z","timestamp":1790175757000},"page":"27684-27695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elucidating Olivine\nCarbon Mineralization Behaviors\nunder Weakly Acidic to Alkaline Conditions for CO2 Storage"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Andrew","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami University , , , ,","place":["Oxford, Ohio, United States, 45056"]},{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["Palisades, New York, United States, 10964"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["Palisades, New York, United States, 10964"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Kelemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["Palisades, New York, United States, 10964"]},{"name":"Columbia University , , , ,","place":["New York, New York, United States, 10027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6482-3589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ah-Hyung Alissa","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit1","volume-title":"Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report.\nContribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment\nReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Pachauri","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit2","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Po\u0308rtner, H.-O.; Roberts, D.; Skea, J.; Shukla, P. R.; Pirani, A.; Moufouma-Okia, W.; Pe\u0301an, C.; Pidcock, R.\n          Global warming of 1.5 C.  An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming\nof, 2018; Vol. 1(5), pp 43\u201350."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100609073996200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-17-2641-2025","article-title":"Indicators of Global\nClimate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state\nof the climate system and human influence","volume":"17","author":"Forster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Earth\nSyst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit4","volume-title":"Trends in globally-averaged CO2 Determined\nfrom NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Measurements","author":"Lan","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit5","volume-title":"Negative Emissions Technologies\nand Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda","author":"National Academies of Sciences, E.; Medicine.","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2020.119628","article-title":"Engineered carbon mineralization\nin ultramafic rocks\nfor CO2 removal from air: Review and new insights","volume":"550","author":"Kelemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-092010-152509","article-title":"Rates and\nMechanisms of Mineral Carbonation in Peridotite:\nNatural Processes and Recipes for Enhanced, in situ CO2 Capture and\nStorage","volume":"39","author":"Kelemen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"issue":"6275","key":"2026100609073996200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/345486b0","article-title":"CO2 disposal\nby means of silicates","volume":"345","author":"Seifritz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100609073996200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-5442(95)00071-N","article-title":"Carbon\ndioxide disposal in carbonate minerals","volume":"20","author":"Lackner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"6291","key":"2026100609073996200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8132","article-title":"Rapid carbon mineralization for permanent disposal\nof anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions","volume":"352","author":"Matter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Review","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2017.00017","article-title":"Calcium Carbonate\nPrecipitation for CO2 Storage and Utilization: A Review of the Carbonate\nCrystallization and Polymorphism","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Energy\nRes."},{"issue":"0","key":"2026100609073996200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FD00022E","article-title":"CO2 utilization\nin built environment\nvia the PCO2 swing carbonation of alkaline solid wastes with different\nmineralogy","volume":"230","author":"Rim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100609073996200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c04241","article-title":"Upcycling Construction and Demolition Waste into Calcium\nCarbonates: Characterization of Leaching Kinetics and Carbon Mineralization\nConditions","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149013","article-title":"Calcium carbonate and reactive silica\nrecovery from waste cement: The influence of processing parameters\non upcycled material properties and carbon intensity","volume":"482","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100609073996200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.112448","article-title":"Carbon mineralization\nof steel and iron-making slag: Paving the way for a sustainable and\ncarbon-neutral future","volume":"12","author":"Moon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100609073996200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7781","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee03455g","article-title":"Post-processing\npathways in carbon\ncapture and storage by mineral carbonation (CCSM) towards the introduction\nof carbon neutral materials","volume":"5","author":"Sanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ.\nSci."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Review","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2019.00009","article-title":"An Overview\nof the Status and Challenges of CO2 Storage in Minerals and Geological\nFormations","volume":"1","author":"Kelemen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117900","article-title":"Elucidating\nthe differences in the carbon mineralization behaviors of calcium\nand magnesium bearing alumino-silicates and magnesium silicates for\nCO2 storage","volume":"277","author":"Gadikota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100609073996200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo683","article-title":"Permanent storage of carbon dioxide in geological reservoirs\nby mineral carbonation","volume":"2","author":"Matter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609073996200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02509-5","article-title":"Rapid mineralisation\nof carbon dioxide in peridotites","volume":"6","author":"Matter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Earth\nEnviron."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100609073996200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1021\/jp909019u","article-title":"Comprehensive\nStudy of the Hydration and Dehydration Reactions of Carbon Dioxide\nin Aqueous Solution","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100609073996200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05942","article-title":"Olivine Dissolution\nin Seawater:\nImplications for CO2 Sequestration through Enhanced Weathering in\nCoastal Environments","volume":"51","author":"Montserrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2018.10.008","article-title":"Olivine dissolution\nrates: A critical review","volume":"500","author":"Oelkers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. 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Growth Des."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100609073996200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(00)00352-1","article-title":"An experimental\nstudy of forsterite dissolution rates as a function of temperature\nand aqueous Mg and Si concentrations","volume":"175","author":"Oelkers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem.\nGeol."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.12.005","article-title":"An experimental\nstudy of magnesite precipitation rates at neutral to alkaline conditions\nand 100\u2013200\u00b0C as a function of pH, aqueous solution composition\nand chemical affinity","volume":"83","author":"Saldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100609073996200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp54903h","article-title":"Chemical and\nmorphological changes during olivine carbonation for CO 2 storage\nin the presence of NaCl and NaHCO 3","volume":"16","author":"Gadikota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem.\nChem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.126522","article-title":"Kinetic evaluation\nof mineral carbonation of natural silicate samples","volume":"404","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026100609073996200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2004.09.008","article-title":"CO2 mineral sequestration:\nphysically activated dissolution\nof serpentine and pH swing process","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Eng.\nSci."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026100609073996200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450810373","article-title":"CO2 mineral Sequestration: Chemically\nEnhanced Aqueous Carbonation of Serpentine","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit32","volume-title":"IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture\nand Storage","author":"Metz","year":"2005"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026100609073996200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805794105","article-title":"In situ carbonation of peridotite\nfor CO2 storage","volume":"105","author":"Kelemen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad.\nSci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026100609073996200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22963","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5c04200","article-title":"Review on Carbon Dioxide Mineralization in Mafic\/Ultramafic\nRocks: From Fundamentals to Field Applications","volume":"39","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit35","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, W.; Dahlin, D.; Rush, G.; Gerdemann, S.; Penner, L.; Nilsen, D.\n          Aqueous mineral\ncarbonation.  Final Report\u2013DOE\/ARC-TR-04\u2013002, 2005."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2018.11.024","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism\nof mineral carbonation of olivine for CO2 sequestration","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/924162","volume-title":"A Novel Approach\nto Mineral Carbonation: Enhancing Carbonation While Avoiding Mineral\nPretreatment Process Cost","author":"Chizmeshya","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.02.125","article-title":"Direct aqueous\ncarbonation on olivine\nat a CO2 partial pressure of 6.5 MPa","volume":"173","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609073996200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-092010-152509","article-title":"Rates and\nMechanisms of Mineral Carbonation in Peridotite:\nNatural Processes and Recipes for Enhanced, in situ CO2 Capture and\nStorage","volume":"39","author":"Kelemen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"issue":"3776","key":"2026100609073996200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.156.3776.830","article-title":"Geochemical\nEvidence of Present-Day\nSerpentinization","volume":"156","author":"Barnes","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100609073996200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1969)80[1947:TRBFIS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Relationship\nbetween Fluids in Some Fresh Alpine-Type\nUltramafics and Possible Modern Serpentinization, Western United States","volume":"80","author":"Barnes","year":"1969","journal-title":"GSA Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609073996200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(78)90225-9","article-title":"Present day serpentinization in New\nCaledonia, Oman and Yugoslavia","volume":"42","author":"Barnes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(83)90144-9","article-title":"Hydrogen generation\nfrom mantle source rocks in Oman","volume":"66","author":"Neal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earth Planet.\nSci. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100609073996200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(01)00113-5","article-title":"Irreversible\nwater\u2013rock mass transfer accompanying\nthe generation of the neutral, Mg\u2013HCO3 and high-pH, Ca\u2013OH\nspring waters of the Genova province, Italy","volume":"17","author":"Bruni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100609073996200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022729","article-title":"Initial Results From the Oman Drilling Project Multi-Borehole\nObservatory: Petrogenesis and Ongoing Alteration of Mantle Peridotite\nin the Weathering Horizon","volume":"126","author":"Kelemen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Solid\nEarth"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100609073996200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1021\/es0619253","article-title":"Ex Situ Aqueous\nMineral Carbonation","volume":"41","author":"Gerdemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit48","volume-title":"Geochemical and Biogeochemical\nReaction Modeling","author":"Bethke","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20041068","volume-title":"A Compilation of Rate\nParameters of water-mineral Interaction Kinetics for Application to\nGeochemical Modeling","author":"Palandri","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026100609073996200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2012.09.019","article-title":"Systematic review of forsterite dissolution\nrate data","volume":"99","author":"Rimstidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. 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Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100609073996200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB020756","article-title":"Theoretical Predictions\nVersus Environmental Observations on Serpentinization Fluids: Lessons\nFrom the Samail Ophiolite in Oman","volume":"126","author":"Leong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.:Solid Earth"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100609073996200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-014-4068-9","article-title":"An experimental study on thermal\ndecomposition behavior of magnesite","volume":"118","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm.\nAnal. Calorim."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609073996200_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-011-1841-x","article-title":"Thermal decomposition\nkinetics of magnesite from thermogravimetric data","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026100609073996200_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23440","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP03491K","article-title":"Directed\nprecipitation\nof hydrated and anhydrous magnesium carbonates for carbon storage","volume":"16","author":"Swanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100609073996200_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2007.09.052","article-title":"Precipitation in the\nMg-carbonate system\u2500effects of temperature and CO2 pressure","volume":"63","author":"Ha\u0308nchen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100609073996200_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.1021\/am508432w","article-title":"Optimized\nCarbonation of Magnesium Silicate Mineral for CO2 Storage","volume":"7","author":"Eikeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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Astrobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609073996200_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(03)00238-2","article-title":"Experimental study of brucite dissolution\nand precipitation\nin aqueous solutions: surface speciation and chemical affinity control","volume":"68","author":"Pokrovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100609073996200_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.4c00243","article-title":"Hydration\nof MgO: Reaction\nKinetics and pH Control on Brucite Crystal Morphology","volume":"24","author":"Pettauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cryst. 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