{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:57:40Z","timestamp":1790693860040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES032719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES032719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microbial biotransformation of PCBs was first observed in the field and in laboratory studies nearly five decades ago. Following years of investigation (on both aerobic biodegradation or mineralization and anaerobic dechlorination), bioremediation technologies are emerging for PCB-contaminated sediments. This perspective examines the arc of scientific and engineering developments that eventually brought us to today\u2019s approach of combining anaerobic and aerobic metabolism in an in situ bioaugmentation application. Although an understanding of aerobic biodegradation of lesser chlorinated biphenyls was developed early on, more extensively chlorinated congeners were found to be resistant to oxidative transformation. Major discoveries in the microbiology of anaerobic PCB dechlorination remained necessary, including understanding of pathways, PCB-dechlorinating bacteria, kinetics, and the interaction of biological processes with the physical environment of sediment-associated PCBs. Recent developments linking microbial kinetics to dissolved-phase PCBs and identification of factors that limited bacterial growth on PCBs are eliminating bottlenecks and have facilitated field translation. A focus in the last decade on scaling the growth of a PCB-dechlorinating bacterial species to a commercially viable level, and developments in field application methods for in situ bioaugmentation have facilitated multiple field demonstrations of PCB bioremediation. These field trials, in synergy with in situ remediation of sediments with activated carbon amendment, provide a path to achieve rapid reduction of PCB exposure to the ecosystem while significantly enhancing the rate of biodegradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c07322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T17:01:45Z","timestamp":1789491705000},"page":"26943-26952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A\nHalf-Century Perspective on the Microbial Bioremediation\nof PCBs"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-1728","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Upal","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21250"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4329-5174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donna","family":"Fennell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University , , , ,","place":["New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, 08901"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina , , ,","place":["Charleston, South Carolina, United States, 29425"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8920-9278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Sowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County , , , ,","place":["Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21250"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909065995700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-020-01416-7","article-title":"The PCB story","volume":"50","author":"Jensen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2026092909065995700_cit2","first-page":"269","volume-title":"The Chemistry\nof PCBs","author":"Huntzinger","year":"1974","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026092909065995700_cit3","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          . Final Third\nFive-Year Review Report for the Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site2025https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2024-07\/third-five-year-review-report-for-the-hudson-river-pcbs-superfund-site.pdf (accessed June 18, 2026)."},{"key":"2026092909065995700_cit4","unstructured":"Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response: USEPA.\n          . Introduction to In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater2013https:\/\/19january2017snapshot.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2015-04\/documents\/introductiontoinsitubioremediationofgroundwater_dec2013.pdf (accessed June 18, 2026)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909065995700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1139\/m73-007","article-title":"Degradation of polychlorinated\nbiphenyls by two species\nof Achromobacter","volume":"19","author":"Ahmed","year":"1973","journal-title":"Can. J. 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