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Here, we investigated sPOC production, transformation, and microbial persistence in Sanggou Bay, China, one of the world\u2019s most intensive Saccharina japonica cultivation systems. During the farming season, sPOC concentrations increased by 103.4% and 117.0% in surface and bottom waters, respectively, relative to the nonfarming period, accompanied by shifts in sPOC molecular composition toward kelp-derived signatures. In situ mesocosm experiments showed increasing sPOC release with kelp development, reaching 13.4\u201363.5 \u03bcmol L\u20131 over 64 h across growth stages. The 180-day microbial incubations revealed that 18.1\u201355.6% of kelp-derived sPOC was retained in three microbially persistent carbon pools: recalcitrant sPOC (R-sPOC; 7.6\u201327.3%), recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (4.6\u20139.7%), and bicarbonate-associated inorganic carbon (5.9\u201318.6%). Residual R-sPOC exhibited molecular characteristics associated with enhanced microbial resistance, with formula-level evidence of direct kelp release and microbial transformation (48.2% and 51.8%, respectively). These findings identify sPOC as a neglected, mechanistically distinct carbon-retention pathway in seaweed farming and provide a basis for assessing its potential contribution to longer-term blue carbon sequestration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c07832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:27:08Z","timestamp":1788251228000},"page":"24713-24724","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Small Suspended\nParticulate Organic Carbon from Kelp\nFarming: A Neglected Pathway for Microbially Persistent Carbon Retention"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1958-4639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]},{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266101"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuting","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]},{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266101"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengkang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfu","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]},{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266101"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengrong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]},{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266101"]},{"name":"Ocean University of China , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9620-6115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ding","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-1237","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266101"]},{"name":"Shandong Energy Institute , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266105"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809072483700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00773-9","article-title":"A seaweed aquaculture imperative\nto meet global sustainability targets","volume":"5","author":"Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat.\nSustain."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809072483700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-02238-1","article-title":"Carbon burial in sediments below seaweed farms matches\nthat of blue carbon habitats","volume":"15","author":"Duarte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163699","article-title":"Potential\nrole of seaweeds in climate change mitigation","volume":"885","author":"Ross","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809072483700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2025GL115753","article-title":"Alkalinity (bicarbonate) pumping by coastal macroalgal\nforests","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809072483700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9112","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01535","article-title":"Carbon sequestration in the form\nof recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon in a seaweed (kelp) farming\nenvironment","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809072483700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-024-01449-7","article-title":"Carbon export\nfrom seaweed forests to deep ocean sinks","volume":"17","author":"Filbee-Dexter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nGeosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809072483700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.70006","article-title":"Macroalgae\ndetritus decomposition and cross-shelf carbon export from shallow\nand deep reefs","volume":"70","author":"Simpkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c15527","article-title":"Stage-specific drivers\nof carbon-sequestration dynamics in porphyra mariculture\nand responses to global warming","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809072483700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0421-8","article-title":"Important contribution of macroalgae to oceanic carbon\nsequestration","volume":"12","author":"Ortega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12255","article-title":"Microbially driven fate of terrigenous\nparticulate organic matter\nin oceans","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090809072483700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01018-0","article-title":"The microbial carbon\npump and climate change","volume":"22","author":"Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109186","article-title":"Microbial-mediated contribution of\nkelp detritus to different forms of oceanic carbon sequestration","volume":"142","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2024.106842","article-title":"Herbivore\ngrazing enhances macroalgal organic carbon release and\nalters their carbon sequestration fate in the ocean","volume":"203","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809072483700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-022-00946-4","article-title":"Production of dissolved\ncarbon and alkalinity during macroalgal wrack degradation on beaches:\na mesocosm experiment with implications for blue carbon","volume":"160","author":"Perkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44037-w","article-title":"Carbonate chemistry and carbon sequestration driven\nby inorganic carbon outwelling from mangroves and saltmarshes","volume":"14","author":"Reithmaier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809072483700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-024-1547-4","article-title":"Neglecting recalcitrant doc would\nlead to serious underestimation\nof seaweed farming\u2019s contribution to ocean carbon sequestration","volume":"68","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c05684","article-title":"Green tides\nsignificantly alter the\nmolecular composition and properties of coastal doc and perform dissolved\ncarbon sequestration","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2023.104583","article-title":"Bacterial reworking of particulate\norganic matter in a dynamic marginal sea: implications for carbon\nsequestration","volume":"179","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123595","article-title":"Enhanced carbon sequestration\nin marginal seas through bacterial transformation","volume":"281","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"S2","key":"2026090809072483700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12155","article-title":"Alkalinity\nexport to the ocean is a major carbon sequestration\nmechanism in a macrotidal saltmarsh","volume":"67","author":"Yau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Limnol.\nOceanogr."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809072483700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-025-01888-w","article-title":"Distinct contributions of suspended and sinking prokaryotes\nto mesopelagic carbon budget","volume":"19","author":"Le Coq","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit22","volume-title":"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024: Blue\nTransformation in Action","author":"FAO.","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00154","article-title":"Reduced inorganic sulfur\nin sediments of the mariculture\nregion of sanggou bay, China","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquacult. Env.\nInterac."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2014.07.002","article-title":"An estimation\nof nutrient fluxes via submarine groundwater discharge into the sanggou\nbay\u2500a typical multi-species culture ecosystem in China","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2015.04.002","article-title":"Effect of\nsuspended kelp culture on water exchange as estimated by in situ current\nmeasurement in sanggou bay, China","volume":"149","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Marine\nSyst."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259287","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1259287","article-title":"Culturing\nthe plastisphere: comparing methods to isolate culturable bacteria\ncolonising microplastics","volume":"14","author":"Stevenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026090809072483700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19723","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c04959","article-title":"Particulate organic\ncarbon released during macroalgal growth has\nsignificant carbon sequestration potential in the ocean","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809072483700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09261","article-title":"Legacy effects\nof late macroalgal\nblooms on dissolved inorganic carbon pool through alkalinity enhancement\nin coastal ocean","volume":"57","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809072483700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiw238","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw238","article-title":"Distributions and relationships of virio- and picoplankton in the\nepi-, meso- and bathypelagic zones of the western pacific ocean","volume":"93","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119954","article-title":"New insights into the mechanism of phosphate release during particulate\norganic matter photodegradation based on optical and molecular signatures","volume":"236","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090809072483700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11730","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01055","article-title":"In-house standard\nmethod for molecular\ncharacterization of dissolved organic matter by FT-ICR mass spectrometry","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809072483700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2386","article-title":"From mass to structure:\nan aromaticity index for high-resolution\nmass data of natural organic matter","volume":"20","author":"Koch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rapid Commun.\nMass Sp."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809072483700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2006.03.021","article-title":"Characterization\nof a major refractory component of marine dissolved organic matter","volume":"70","author":"Hertkorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7711","article-title":"Marine sequestration\nof carbon in bacterial metabolites","volume":"6","author":"Lechtenfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809072483700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.10.008","article-title":"Generalized\nlinear mixed models:\na practical guide for ecology and evolution","volume":"24","author":"Bolker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2210561119","article-title":"Fucoid brown algae inject fucoidan carbon into the\nocean","volume":"120","author":"Buck-Wiese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2023.108824","article-title":"Seaweed farming environments do not\nalways function as co2 sink under synergistic influence of macroalgae\nand microorganisms","volume":"361","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00393","article-title":"Dissolved\norganic carbon from cultured kelp saccharina japonica: production,\nbioavailability, and bacterial degradation rates","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Env. Interact."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-019-04573-z","article-title":"Detrital carbon production\nand export in high latitude kelp forests","volume":"192","author":"Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"2026090809072483700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2019.106336","article-title":"Coupling carbon metabolism and dissolved organic carbon\nfluxes in benthic and pelagic coastal communities","volume":"227","author":"Egea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf S."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090809072483700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11405","article-title":"Different carboxyl-rich alicyclic\nmolecules proxy compounds select distinct bacterioplankton for oxidation\nof dissolved organic matter in the mesopelagic sargasso sea","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809072483700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12325","article-title":"Fluorescent\nproperties of marine phytoplankton exudates and lability to marine\nheterotrophic prokaryotes degradation","volume":"68","author":"Bachi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Limnol.\nOceanogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809072483700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.70011","article-title":"Photooxidation\nremoves biologically recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon released\nby the macroalga sargassum natans","volume":"10","author":"English","year":"2025","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809072483700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10170","article-title":"Total alkalinity\nproduction in a mangrove ecosystem reveals an overlooked blue carbon\ncomponent","volume":"6","author":"Saderne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809072483700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9284","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c18290","article-title":"Multiple pathways\ndrive\nch4 and n2 o emissions in coastal macroalgal\necosystems","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809072483700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43997-3","article-title":"Particle-associated\ndenitrification is the primary source of N2O in oxic coastal\nwaters","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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