{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:55:42Z","timestamp":1791910542707,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3709802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3709802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42575134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42575134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urban green spaces (UGS) are a cornerstone of global climate adaptation strategies, widely regarded as Nature-based solutions (NbS) for their ability to sequester carbon and mitigate heat islands. However, their net climate benefit remains uncertain due to the poorly quantified release of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance. Here, we present the national-scale assessment of N2O fluxes from China\u2019s rapidly expanding UGS, based on high-frequency continuous monitoring and machine-learning extrapolation. We reveal that UGS function as intensive N2O sources, with a mean emission intensity of 12.5 kg\u00b7N\u00b7ha\u20131\u00b7yr\u20131, even though most monitored plots received no direct fertilizer application. These emissions are driven by a unique urban synergy where anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment interacts with irrigation pulses and the urban heat island effect to trigger explosive hot moments of denitrification. Crucially, when converted to CO2 equivalents, these N2O emissions offset 68% of the reported carbon sequestration benefits provided by China\u2019s UGS vegetation. Our findings demonstrate that ignoring N2O emissions leads to a significant overestimation of the net climate benefit of urban greening. To ensure cities contribute effectively to climate neutrality, urban planning must pivot from simply maximizing green cover to implementing precision nitrogen-water management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c07990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:02:37Z","timestamp":1790348557000},"page":"28730-28740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nitrous\nOxide Emissions\nfrom Urban Green Spaces Substantially\nOffset Their Carbon Sequestration Benefits"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0460-0700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siqing","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreena","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2092-9135","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chengxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","place":["Hefei, China, 230026"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuguang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3137-5898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100875"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2796-6043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200233"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences , , P.O. Box 5003, ,","place":["\u00c5s, Norway, NO-1432"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9965-4618","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]},{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-311X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit1","article-title":"Cities, settlements and key infrastructure","volume-title":"Climate Change 2022 \u2013 Impacts, Adaptation and\nVulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment\nReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 907\u20131040","author":"IPCC.","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-024-00070-4","article-title":"Cities as carbon\nsinks can also provide additional mitigation and\nadaptation co-benefits","volume":"1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cities"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1512-9","article-title":"Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained\nby climate and\npopulation","volume":"573","author":"Manoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-01960-0","article-title":"Expert review of the science underlying nature-based\nclimate solutions","volume":"14","author":"Buma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01750-0","article-title":"Nature-based solutions can pave the way to\ncarbon-neutral cities\nin 2030","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89842-z","article-title":"Mitigation potential\nof urban greening during heatwaves and stormwater events: a modeling\nstudy for Karlsruhe, Germany","volume":"15","author":"Pace","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06366-2","article-title":"Greening improvement\nscenarios for assessing the potential of urban carbon sinks and runoff\nreduction","volume":"15","author":"Singkran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c11267","article-title":"Indirect urbanization\nimpacts shape vegetation growth and carbon sink dynamics: synergies\nand trade-offs across China","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01908-4","article-title":"Cooling efficacy of trees across\ncities is determined by background climate, urban morphology, and\ntree trait","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16652","article-title":"Urbanization can accelerate climate change by increasing\nsoil N2O emission while reducing CH4 uptake","volume":"29","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit11","volume-title":"Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis","author":"IPCC.","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176985","article-title":"Nitrous oxide (N2O): the\ndominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century","volume":"326","author":"Ravishankara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2025-5091","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability\nof\nCO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes from an urban\npark in Denmark","author":"Bai","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171364","article-title":"Urbanization-driven\nforest soil greenhouse gas emissions: insights\nfrom the role of soil bacteria in carbon and nitrogen cycling using\na metagenomic approach","volume":"923","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.00921.x","article-title":"Carbon\nfluxes, nitrogen cycling,\nand soil microbial communities in adjacent urban, native and agricultural\necosystems","volume":"11","author":"Kaye","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit16","first-page":"7","article-title":"Microbial basis\nof NO and N2O production and consumption in soils","volume-title":"Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems\nand the Atmosphere","author":"Firestone","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130122","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0122","article-title":"Nitrous oxide\nemissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and\ntheir controls?","volume":"368","author":"Butterbach-Bahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01617.x","article-title":"Effects of temperature\nand fertilization on nitrogen cycling and community composition of\nan urban lawn","volume":"14","author":"Bijoor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2143","article-title":"Hotspots\nof nitrogen deposition in\nthe world\u2019s urban areas: a global data synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Decina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-025-00290-2","article-title":"Standardized\nheat islands and persistence drive modeled urban heat events","volume":"2","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Cities"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107621","article-title":"Urbanization increased annual precipitation\nin temperate climate zone: a case in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region\nof North China","volume":"126","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-10-381-2024","article-title":"Soil respiration across\na variety of tree-covered urban green spaces in Helsinki, Finland","volume":"10","author":"Karvinen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35731-7","article-title":"Soil management\nis key to maintaining soil moisture in urban gardens facing changing\nclimatic conditions","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2015.01.025","article-title":"Microbial hotspots and hot moments\nin soil: concept\n& review","volume":"83","author":"Kuzyakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2017.09.005","article-title":"Linking NO and N2O emission pulses with\nthe mobilization\nof mineral and organic N upon rewetting dry soils","volume":"115","author":"Leitner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2780-0","article-title":"A comprehensive quantification\nof global nitrous oxide sources and\nsinks","volume":"586","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58090-0","article-title":"Legacy effects cause\nsystematic underestimation of N2O\nemission factors","volume":"16","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit28","first-page":"Abstract EGU24-19467","article-title":"Quantifying agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions\nof the Netherlands using a novel airborne eddy-covariance measurements\nsystem: first results of the GHGMon campaign in June 2023","volume-title":"Presented at the EGU General Assembly 2024","author":"Waldmann","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-016-9022-2","article-title":"Chinese urbanization 2050: SD modeling\nand process simulation","volume":"60","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s42949-024-00170-z","article-title":"More urbanization,\nmore polarization: evidence from two decades of urban expansion in\nChina","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Urban Sustain"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-16-2543-2024","article-title":"Global nitrous oxide\nbudget (1980\u20132020)","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci.\nData"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-017-0368-z","article-title":"Spatial and\ntemporal variability of soil nitric oxide emissions in N-saturated\nsubtropical forest","volume":"134","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0306-z","article-title":"First observation of\ntropospheric nitrogen dioxide from the Environmental\nTrace Gases Monitoring Instrument onboard the GaoFen-5 satellite","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119510","article-title":"Spatiotemporal neural\nnetwork for estimating surface NO2 concentrations over\nnorth China and their human health impact","volume":"307","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094177","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoil.2022.1094177","article-title":"Global variations and\ndrivers of nitrous oxide emissions\nfrom forests and grasslands","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Soil Sci."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131686","article-title":"Variance and Main Drivers of Field Nitrous Oxide Emissions: A Global\nSynthesis","volume":"353","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2355-9","article-title":"Compaction stimulates\ndenitrification in an urban park soil using 15N tracing\ntechnique","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555628","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2025.1555628","article-title":"Effects of different urban vegetation cover\nand green space types\non soil greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.70041","article-title":"Soil GHG flux potentials\nand their microbiological mechanisms under\nurban forest and grassland","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Use Manage."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16066","article-title":"Variations and controlling factors of soil denitrification rate","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit41","first-page":"117088","article-title":"Characteristics of annual\nN2O and NO fluxes from Chinese\nurban turfgrasses","volume":"221","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.122473","article-title":"Southern urban forest\nconverted from orchard abandonment: a potentially important N2O source driven by warm-humid climate","volume":"285","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118876","article-title":"Soil N2O\nemission in Cinnamomum camphora plantations along\nan urbanization gradient altered by changes in\nlitter input and microbial community composition","volume":"299","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2022.115896","article-title":"Determining the hot\nspots and hot moments of soil N2O\nemissions and mineral N leaching in a mixed landscape under subtropical\nmonsoon climatic conditions","volume":"420","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.1021\/es020649z","article-title":"Soil Nitrogen Cycle\nProcesses in Urban Riparian Zones","volume":"36","author":"Groffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.09.017","article-title":"Functional\ntraits of denitrification in a subtropical forest catchment in China\nwith high atmogenic N deposition","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol.\nBiochem."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5267","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15211","article-title":"Elevated temperature\nshifts soil N cycling from microbial immobilization\nto enhanced mineralization, nitrification and denitrification across\nglobal terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"26","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang.\nBiol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01389-x","article-title":"Hot moment of N2O emissions in seasonally frozen peatlands","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6404","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16365","article-title":"Soil moisture\u2013atmosphere\nfeedback dominates land N2O nitrification emissions and\ndenitrification reduction","volume":"28","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15350","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11591-5","article-title":"Enhanced nitrous oxide emissions caused by atmospheric nitrogen deposition\nin agroecosystems over China","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nPollut. Res."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021gb007289","article-title":"Atmospheric N deposition\nsignificantly enhanced soil N2O emission from eastern China\nforests","volume":"36","author":"Cen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16869","article-title":"Enhanced CO2 uptake is marginally offset\nby altered fluxes\nof non-CO2 greenhouse gases in global forests and grasslands\nunder N deposition","volume":"29","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12956","article-title":"Nitrogen supply modulates the effect of changes in drying\u2013rewetting\nfrequency on soil C and N cycling and greenhouse gas exchange","volume":"21","author":"Morillas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-003-0161-9","article-title":"Biogeochemical\nhot spots and hot moments at the interface of terrestrial\nand aquatic ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"McClain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-8914-7_7","article-title":"Urban soils and their management: a multidisciplinary approach","volume-title":"Soils in Urban Ecosystem","author":"Khan","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/00224561.2006.12435870","article-title":"Effect of urban\nsoil compaction on infiltration rate","volume":"61","author":"Gregory","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Soil\nWater Conserv."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2016.06.012","article-title":"Effect of the soil water dynamics\non nitrous oxide emissions","volume":"280","author":"Rabot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121032","article-title":"Improving stormwater\ninfiltration and retention in compacted urban\nsoils at impervious\/pervious surface disconnections with biochar","volume":"360","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15860","article-title":"Evaluation of variation\nin background nitrous oxide emissions: a\nnew global synthesis integrating the impacts of climate, soil, and\nmanagement conditions","volume":"28","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.12.011","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of N2O emissions from\nglobal forest and grassland ecosystems","volume":"266\u2013267","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric.\nFor. Meteorol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01647-6","article-title":"Nitrogen deposition contributed to a global increase\nin nitrous oxide emissions from forest soils","volume":"5","author":"Cen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019gl086551","article-title":"Spatial\nvariation of reactive nitrogen emissions from\nChina\u2019s croplands codetermined by regional urbanization and\nits feedback to global climate change","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys.\nRes. Lett."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwad285","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad285","article-title":"Four decades\nof full-scale nitrous oxide emission inventory in China","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2025.107977","article-title":"Topographic effects\non nitrogen deposition and critical load exceedance in the Sichuan\nBasin, China","volume":"316","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.06.033","article-title":"Agricultural\nwater supply\/demand changes under projected future climate\nchange in the arid region of northwestern China","volume":"540","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2015.01.005","article-title":"The role\nof urban green infrastructure in offsetting carbon emissions in 35\nmajor Chinese cities: A nationwide estimate","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2025.06.015","article-title":"Rapid increase in carbon\nsink from China\u2019s urban forests","volume":"70","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci.\nBull."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2009.10.010","article-title":"Impacts of urban forests\non offsetting carbon emissions from industrial energy use in Hangzhou,\nChina","volume":"91","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2025.128944","article-title":"Significant carbon storage and sequestration by urban\ngreenery in\nBeijing city during 2010\u20132020","volume":"112","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urban\nFor. Urban Green."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5865","DOI":"10.5846\/stxb201305030913","article-title":"The carbon sink\nof urban forests and efficacy on offsetting energy carbon emissions\nfrom city in Guangzhou","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2016.02.0047","article-title":"Nitrous Oxide\nEmissions from a Golf Course Fairway and Rough after Application of\nDifferent Nitrogen Fertilizers","volume":"45","author":"Gillette","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nQual."},{"key":"2026101310162635800_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2017.11.0688","article-title":"Nitrous Oxide Emissions\nfrom Turfgrass Receiving Different\nIrrigation Amounts and Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms","volume":"58","author":"Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crop Sci."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c07990","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28730\/68656447\/acs.est.6c07990.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28730\/68656447\/acs.est.6c07990.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:33:43Z","timestamp":1791909223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/40\/28730\/5438751\/Nitrous-Oxide-Emissions-from-Urban-Green-Spaces"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c07990","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}