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Here, we propose a dual-granule biotechnology comprising elemental sulfur (S0)-siderite composite granules and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) granules for low-carbon and high-efficiency wastewater treatment. This novel paradigm inherits the superiorities of two advanced nitrogen removal biotechnologies (S0-driven denitrification and anammox), acquires highly synergistic nutrient metabolism pathways, and, more importantly, does not require any aeration, organic carbon, or additional chemical inputs. During a long-term operation, the biosystem demonstrated remarkable feasibility and reliability against challenging conditions such as seasonal cooling and fluctuating nitrogen loading. Even at winter low temperatures of 7.4 \u00b1 0.7 \u00b0C, NO3\u2013 and NH4+ removal efficiencies reached 96.1 \u00b1 2.6% and 92.1 \u00b1 3.1%, respectively, with a total inorganic nitrogen removal rate as high as 0.28 \u00b1 0.03 kg N\/(m3\u00b7d). Beyond energy and resource savings, the bonus PO43\u2013 removal, suppressed N2O emissions, and limited free sulfide generations bring further sustainability benefits. As a fresh technical concept, the dual-granule biotechnology takes a step forward toward the low-carbon and high-efficiency goals of the wastewater sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c08224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:01:21Z","timestamp":1789052481000},"page":"26581-26593","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual-Granule\nBiotechnology\nMediated by S0 and Anammox toward Sustainable Wastewater\nTreatment Even at Winter\nLow Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1198-5680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tipei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4702-3774","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100124"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7944","key":"2026092210114853000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05500-8","article-title":"River ecosystem metabolism\nand carbon biogeochemistry in a changing world","volume":"613","author":"Battin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210114853000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-023-00087-4","article-title":"Decoupling wastewater-related greenhouse gas emissions and water\nstress alleviation across 300 cities in China is challenging yet plausible\nby 2030","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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Technol."},{"issue":"6932","key":"2026092210114853000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01526","article-title":"N2 production\nby the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce,\nCosta Rica","volume":"422","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7461","key":"2026092210114853000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12365","article-title":"Nitrogen losses in anoxic marine\nsediments driven by\nThioploca\u2013anammox bacterial consortia","volume":"500","author":"Prokopenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210114853000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54805-x","article-title":"Pilot-scale implementation of mainstream anammox for municipal wastewater\ntreatment against cold temperature","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210114853000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1745015","article-title":"What\u2019s\nthe best way to achieve\nsuccessful mainstream partial nitritation-anammox application?","volume":"51","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210114853000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121418","article-title":"S0-driven partial denitrification\ncoupled with anammox (S0PDA) enables\nhighly efficient autotrophic nitrogen removal from wastewater","volume":"255","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210114853000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.110969","article-title":"Simulation and multi-objective optimization\nof Claus\nprocess of sulfur recovery unit","volume":"11","author":"Johni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nChem. Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210114853000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00285-8","article-title":"Elemental sulfur\u2013siderite\ncomposite filler empowers sustainable\ntertiary treatment of municipal wastewater even at an ultra-low temperature\nof 7.3 \u00b0C","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"2026092210114853000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-026-01786-y","article-title":"Multi-zonal\nanaerobic ammonium oxidation for mainstream municipal wastewater treatment","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Sustainability"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210114853000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1831358","article-title":"Research advances in anammox granular sludge: A review","volume":"52","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210114853000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.13159","article-title":"Wide distribution\nof anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing\nbacteria in the water column of the South China Sea: Implications\nfor their survival strategies","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diversity Distrib."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210114853000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11172","article-title":"Genome-based\nmicrobial ecology of anammox granules in a full-scale wastewater treatment\nsystem","volume":"7","author":"Speth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210114853000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-025-00496-1","article-title":"Pilot-scale integration\nof micron-sized powder carriers and a hydrocyclone separator enhances\nnutrient removal in wastewater treatment","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun.\nEng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210114853000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.28","article-title":"Characterization of filamentous bacteria,\nbelonging\nto candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic\ngranular sludges","volume":"1","author":"Yamada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Isme J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210114853000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2015.6","article-title":"Community\nquorum sensing signalling and quenching:\nmicrobial granular biofilm assembly","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Npj Biofilms\nMicrobomes"},{"key":"2026092210114853000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107669","article-title":"Insight into\nthe shift in coupling mechanisms during\none-stage partial-denitrification\/anammox process for municipal wastewater\ntreatment","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resour., Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210114853000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1723(00)80077-8","article-title":"Emission and control\nof nitrous oxide from a biological wastewater treatment system with\nintermittent aeration","volume":"90","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092210114853000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-025-00707-5","article-title":"Nitrous oxide\nsources, mechanisms and mitigation","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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Technol."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026092210114853000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23516","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1137232","article-title":"Evaluation\nof microbial\ndiversity of activated sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment\nplant of northern China by high-throughput sequencing technology","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"issue":"6615","key":"2026092210114853000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade2516","article-title":"Community\ninstability in the microbial world","volume":"378","author":"Huelsmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210114853000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01104-3","article-title":"Diversity and ecology of microbial sulfur metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210114853000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15416","article-title":"Metabolic\nnetwork analysis reveals\nmicrobial community interactions in anammox granules","volume":"8","author":"Lawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092210114853000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0519-1","article-title":"Function and functional\nredundancy in microbial systems","volume":"2","author":"Louca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol.\nEvol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092210114853000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-025-00459-y","article-title":"Siderophores as a selective\nregulator for enhancing anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat\/ Water"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210114853000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113600","article-title":"Long-term\nresponse of anammox process\nto hydrazine under different exposure strategies","volume":"12","author":"Sari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"7085","key":"2026092210114853000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04647","article-title":"Deciphering\nthe evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community\ngenome","volume":"440","author":"Strous","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210114853000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1857","article-title":"Anammox\nbacteria: from discovery to application","volume":"6","author":"Kuenen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. 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