{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:15:23Z","timestamp":1788221723863,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42177237, 42577240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42177237, 42577240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QianKeHeJiChu ZD (2026) 148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QianKeHeJiChu ZD (2026) 148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mobility of phosphorus (P) at anoxic\u2013oxic interfaces is largely controlled by the formation of phosphate-iron (Fe) colloids, yet the nanoscale mechanisms underlying their formation, structure, and stability remain poorly described. Here, we systematically investigate these processes across a range of environmentally relevant conditions. Under anoxic conditions, phosphate-Fe(II) complexes exist predominantly as truly dissolved species. Upon transition into oxic conditions, phosphate-Fe(III) colloids form as a function of Fe\/P molar ratio. At lower Fe\/P ratios (e.g., \u22643), stable nanosized colloids (20\u2013100 nm) form, whereas higher ratios (e.g., &amp;gt;3) promote aggregation into larger particles (&amp;gt;1000 nm) under the conditions tested. Structural analyses reveal that colloidal formation arises from a phosphate-stabilized, short-range ordered ferrihydrite phase, where phosphate inhibits Fe polymerization via corner-sharing Fe\u2013O\u2013P bonds and enhances electrostatic stabilization through surface enrichment. Natural organic matter (NOM, 2.5 and 10 mg C\/L) promotes colloid generation under anoxic conditions and enhances stability at higher Fe\/P ratios through electrostatic and steric interactions. Stability assessments in the tested water matrices show matrix-dependent persistence, with 0\u201341% of the colloids remaining suspended after 28 days without NOM, and substantially enhanced colloidal suspension (61\u201395%) in the NOM-amended system. This work provides mechanistic insight into one important pathway that may contribute to P mobility under redox-transition conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c08336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T03:01:43Z","timestamp":1786503703000},"page":"23450-23462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoscale Formation,\nStructure, and Stability of Phosphate-Iron\nColloids at Anoxic-Oxic Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6327-7029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guangci","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550081"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3669-779X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John D.","family":"Fortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenggang","family":"Ci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities , , ,","place":["Duyun, China, 558000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-7193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences , , ,","place":["Wuhan, China, 430074"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550081"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4193-0330","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , , Hung Hom , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-1097","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550081"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116609","article-title":"Transformation of redox-sensitive\nto redox-stable iron-bound phosphorus in anoxic lake sediments under\nlaboratory conditions","volume":"189","author":"Heinrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120661","article-title":"Iron bound\nphosphorus predominates\nthe contribution of phosphorus to lake system from terrigenous source:\nThe evidence from the small watershed scale","volume":"245","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120844","article-title":"Impact of\niron addition on phosphorus\ndynamics in sediments of a shallow peat lake 10 years after treatment","volume":"248","author":"Mu\u0308nch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s000270050058","article-title":"Identification of stoichiometric\niron-phosphorus colloids produced in a eutrophic lake","volume":"61","author":"Lienemann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquat. 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Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.4c10178","article-title":"Enhancing soil colloidal\nphosphorus bioavailability by a plant-derived synergist","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c12927","article-title":"From nano-signals to\nbioavailability: Unlocking active phosphorus loading by nano-biochar","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162386","article-title":"Enhancing soil phosphorus availability with the application\nof moderate P-laden magnetic biochar as a slow-release fertilizer","volume":"512","author":"Xin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.04.010","article-title":"Iron colloids reduce\nthe bioavailability of phosphorus to the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata","volume":"59","author":"Baken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2009.09.020","article-title":"Effect\nof phosphate, silicate, and Ca on Fe(III)-precipitates formed in aerated\nFe(II)- and As(III)-containing water studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy","volume":"74","author":"Voegelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. 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Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13138","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c01770","article-title":"Photocontrol of goethite\ncrystal facet exposure: Implications for\nphosphate binding in water and sediment systems","volume":"60","author":"Xing","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12612","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02788","article-title":"Formation and aggregation of lead phosphate particles: Implications\nfor lead immobilization in water supply systems","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1021\/es072059c","article-title":"Chromium(VI) reduction kinetics by\nzero-valent iron in moderately hard water with humic acid: Iron dissolution\nand humic acid adsorption","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.10.094","article-title":"Formation and stability of NOM-Mn(III) colloids in aquatic environments","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07934","article-title":"Formation and transport\nof Cr(III)-NOM-Fe colloids\nupon reaction of Cr(VI) with NOM-Fe(II) colloids at anoxic\u2013oxic\ninterfaces","volume":"54","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Geochem."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2541(02)00115-8","article-title":"Iron colloids\/organic\nmatter associated transport of\nmajor and trace elements in small boreal rivers and their estuaries\n(NW Russia)","volume":"190","author":"Pokrovsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2018.05.0178","article-title":"Dissolved reactive phosphorus loads\nto western Lake\nErie: The hidden influence of nanoparticles","volume":"48","author":"River","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05326","article-title":"Recent patterns\nin Lake Erie phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in response\nto changing loads","volume":"54","author":"Rowland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EN00861G","article-title":"Formation, aggregation, and transport of NOM\u2013Cr(III) colloids\nin aquatic environments","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Nano"},{"key":"2026083119453606600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)88444-5","article-title":"A modified single solution method for the determination\nof phosphate in natural waters","volume":"27","author":"Murphy","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anal. 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