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Unlike traditional HClO-catalyzed Mn(II) oxidation, rapid iron oxides formation bypassed the slow homogeneous catalytic phase, enabling faster electron transfer between the more reactive PMS and Mn(II) adsorbed on iron oxides. The resulting iron\u2013manganese oxides not only removed Fe(II) and Mn(II) but also shifted PMS activation from homogeneous (driven by free Fe(II)) to heterogeneous catalysis, overcoming limitations from low Fe(II) levels in groundwater. Their amorphous structure enhanced PMS adsorption, while bimetallic Fe\u2013Mn sites supported redox cycling among Mn(IV)\/Mn(III)\/Mn(II)(s) and Fe(III)\/Fe(II)(s), sustaining PMS activation and SO4\u2022\u2013 generation. HClO participated directly in SO4\u2022\u2013-initiated chain reactions, boosting ClO\u2022 concentration by 102-fold. ClO\u2022 dominated ammonium removal\u2500especially surface-enriched NH4+ -N\u2500selectively converting it to N2 (&amp;gt;88%). Three-dimensional sand tank experiments evaluated lateral, radial, and vertical reagent percolation and in situ remediation efficiency in heterogeneous aquifers through optimized monitoring wells, injection screen lengths, and hydraulic gradient control. This study advances in situ groundwater remediation technology, offering lab-scale mechanistic insights and experimental validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c08661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:51:15Z","timestamp":1788411075000},"page":"25869-25881","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In situ Simultaneous\nRemoval of Fe(II), Mn(II), and\nNH4+-N from Groundwater by Codosing of\nPeroxymonosulfate and Trace HClO: Mechanism and 3D Tank Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9925-3002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaijie","family":"Pei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Bo","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]},{"name":"Jilin University , , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511115192500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1021\/es60066a006","article-title":"Ammonia-nitrogen removal by breakpoint\nchlorination","volume":"6","author":"Pressley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Environ. 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