{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:52:34Z","timestamp":1787071954134,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N_HKUST626\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N_HKUST626\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16201623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16201623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16209022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16209022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16211824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16211824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N_HKUST626\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N_HKUST626\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007402","name":"Environment and Conservation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007402","name":"Environment and Conservation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["231\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515011535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515011535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) is widely used for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) quantification, its accuracy is limited by isomeric speciation and ionization byproducts. Here, gas chromatography (GC) coupled with PTR-ToF-MS was deployed at a suburban site in Hong Kong to resolve isomers and quantify interferences for ambient VOCs measurement. We identified 48 compounds using GC-PTR and resolved their isomer profiles in direct-PTR data. Our analysis revealed that direct-PTR measurements substantially underestimated long-chain aldehydes (C5\u2013C8) due to extensive fragmentation, while overestimating isoprene, benzene, styrene, and phenol by \u223c14\u201360% because of interference from other species. The biogenic VOCs\u2019 OH reactivity was overestimated by up to 31% for monoterpenes and 241% for isoprene, depending on the seasonality of biogenic emissions. Propagating these biases into the photochemical model resulted in a 46% overestimation in daytime net O3 production under VOC-limited and low-isoprene conditions, whereas the overestimation decreased to 19% under VOC-saturated, high-isoprene conditions. Correcting isomer distributions and interference effects reduced modeled ozone production rates and altered precursor sensitivities, revealing a larger role for oxygenated VOCs in ozone formation than previously recognized. Our results highlight the necessity for isomer-resolved measurements and interference-aware calibration to improve VOC-based assessments of photochemical air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c08699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:02:10Z","timestamp":1785942130000},"page":"22836-22848","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photochemical Impacts\nfrom Resolving Isomers and Interference\nBiases in PTR-ToF-MS Measurements of Atmospheric VOCs"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-747X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7763-7016","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9695-2465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Penggang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]},{"name":"Eastern Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Ningbo, China, 315200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-8712","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan S.","family":"Claflin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerodyne Research, Inc. , , ,","place":["Billerica, Massachusetts, United States, 01821"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerodyne Research, Inc. , , ,","place":["Billerica, Massachusetts, United States, 01821"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-0048","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiali","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dasa","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]},{"name":"Eastern Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Ningbo, China, 315200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-0027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3676-813X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4560-433X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6165-6500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian Zhen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Worsnop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerodyne Research, Inc. , , ,","place":["Billerica, Massachusetts, United States, 01821"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5627-6562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810401648600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803894","article-title":"Long-Term\nOzone Exposure and Mortality","volume":"360","author":"Jerrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081810401648600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00460-4","article-title":"Atmospheric\nchemistry of VOCs and NOx","volume":"34","author":"Atkinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081810401648600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0206420","article-title":"Atmospheric Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds","volume":"103","author":"Atkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810401648600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1021\/es072476p","article-title":"Known and unknown\norganic constituents in the Earth\u2019\ns atmosphere","volume":"41","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122287","article-title":"Abundant oxygenated\nvolatile organic compounds and their contribution to photochemical\npollution in subtropical Hong Kong","volume":"335","author":"Hui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026081810401648600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20081","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c05656","article-title":"Significant Biogenic Source of Oxygenated Volatile\nOrganic Compounds and the Impacts on Photochemistry at a Regional\nBackground Site in South China","volume":"58","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126557","article-title":"Photochemical impacts of atmospheric\ncarbonyl compounds on ozone formation and radical chemistry in urban\nShanghai","volume":"380","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081810401648600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18355","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-18355-2025","article-title":"The critical\nrole of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in shaping photochemical\nO3 chemistry and control strategy in a subtropical coastal environment","volume":"25","author":"Hui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2022.106184","article-title":"Carbonyl compounds\nin the atmosphere: A review of abundance, source and their contributions\nto O3 and SOA formation","volume":"274","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165135","article-title":"Development of an enhanced\nmethod for atmospheric carbonyls and characterizing their roles in\nphotochemistry in subtropical Hong Kong","volume":"896","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2017.01.001","article-title":"Implementation and characterization of an RF ion funnel\nion guide as a proton transfer reaction chamber","volume":"414","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026081810401648600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12011","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b02641","article-title":"Evaluation of a New Reagent-Ion Source\nand Focusing\nIon\u2013Molecule Reactor for Use in Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass\nSpectrometry","volume":"90","author":"Krechmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026081810401648600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026653118","article-title":"Volatile chemical product emissions\nenhance ozone and modulate urban chemistry","volume":"118","author":"Coggon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810401648600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac103","article-title":"Anthropogenic\nmonoterpenes aggravating ozone pollution","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl.\nSci. Rev."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081810401648600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12753","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-12753-2023","article-title":"Volatile\norganic compound fluxes in the agricultural San Joaquin Valley \u2013\nspatial distribution, source attribution, and inventory comparison","volume":"23","author":"Pfannerstill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810401648600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-4123-2023","article-title":"Observations\nof biogenic volatile organic compounds\nover a mixed temperate forest during the summer to autumn transition","volume":"23","author":"Vermeuel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810401648600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.3c00112","article-title":"Contribution of\nSpeciated Monoterpenes to Secondary Aerosol in the Eastern North Atlantic","volume":"1","author":"Kilgour","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810401648600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-3729-2024","article-title":"Production\nof oxygenated volatile organic compounds from the ozonolysis of coastal\nseawater","volume":"24","author":"Kilgour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081810401648600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14769","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-14769-2020","article-title":"Measurement\nreport: Important contributions of oxygenated compounds\nto emissions and chemistry of volatile organic compounds in urban\nair","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810401648600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035981","article-title":"Total OH Reactivity Measurements in a Suburban Site\nof Shanghai","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810401648600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-4017-2024","article-title":"A large role\nof missing volatile organic compound reactivity from anthropogenic\nemissions in ozone pollution regulation","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168316","article-title":"Origin and transformation\nof volatile organic compounds at a regional background site in Hong\nKong: Varied photochemical processes from different source regions","volume":"908","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810401648600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-019-02209-3","article-title":"A Library\nof Proton-Transfer Reactions\nof H3O+ Ions Used for Trace Gas Detection","volume":"30","author":"Pagonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\nAm. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810401648600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-17-801-2024","article-title":"Identifying\nand correcting interferences to PTR-ToF-MS measurements of isoprene\nand other urban volatile organic compounds","volume":"17","author":"Coggon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081810401648600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-18-1013-2025","article-title":"Product ion\ndistributions using H3O+ proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass\nspectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS): mechanisms, transmission effects, and instrument-to-instrument\nvariability","volume":"18","author":"Link","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081810401648600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1021\/es026266i","article-title":"Validation\nof Atmospheric VOC Measurements by Proton-Transfer- Reaction Mass\nSpectrometry Using a Gas-Chromatographic Preseparation Method","volume":"37","author":"Warneke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081810401648600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-3299-2018","article-title":"Non-methane\norganic\ngas emissions from biomass burning: identification, quantification,\nand emission factors from PTR-ToF during the FIREX 2016 laboratory\nexperiment","volume":"18","author":"Koss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081810401648600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-133-2021","article-title":"An in situ gas chromatograph\nwith automatic detector switching between PTR- and EI-TOF-MS: isomer-resolved\nmeasurements of indoor air","volume":"14","author":"Claflin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081810401648600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-4289-2024","article-title":"Contribution of cooking emissions\nto the urban volatile organic compounds in Las Vegas, NV","volume":"24","author":"Coggon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026081810401648600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-18-3547-2025","article-title":"Interpretation\nof mass spectra by a Vocus proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer\n(PTR-MS) at an urban site: insights from gas chromatographic pre-separation","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081810401648600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-17-2415-2024","article-title":"Response\nof protonated, adduct, and fragmented ions in Vocus proton-transfer-reaction\ntime-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS)","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.04.087","article-title":"Characterization and source identification\nof sub-micron particles at the HKUST Supersite in Hong Kong","volume":"527\u2013528","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081810401648600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240090603","article-title":"Kovats and lee retention\nindices determined by gas\nchromatography\/mass spectrometry for organic compounds of environmental\ninterest","volume":"9","author":"Rostad","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. High Resol. Chromatogr."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2017.04.006","article-title":"Calculation of the sensitivity of\nproton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for organic trace\ngases using molecular properties","volume":"421","author":"Sekimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass\nSpectrom."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081810401648600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-3309-2016","article-title":"The Framework\nfor 0-D Atmospheric Modeling (F0AM) v3.1","volume":"9","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci.\nModel Dev."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081810401648600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JD039875","article-title":"Molecular and Elemental\nTracers-Based Receptor Modeling of PM2.5 in Suburban Hong Kong With\nHourly Time-Scale Air Quality Considerations","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810401648600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027403","article-title":"Observations and Explicit\nModeling of Summertime Carbonyl Formation in Beijing: Identification\nof Key Precursor Species and Their Impact on Atmospheric Oxidation\nChemistry","volume":"123","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081810401648600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13187","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00325","article-title":"Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications\nin Atmospheric Sciences","volume":"117","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.120139","article-title":"Investigation\nof the multi-year trend of surface ozone and ozone-precursor relationship\nin Hong Kong","volume":"315","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081810401648600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2007.02.011","article-title":"Collision\ninduced dissociation study\nof 10 monoterpenes for identification in trace gas measurements using\nthe newly developed proton-transfer reaction ion trap mass spectrometer","volume":"263","author":"Steeghs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026081810401648600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-3806(02)00880-1","article-title":"Measurement\nof monoterpenes and related\ncompounds by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS)","volume":"223\u2013224","author":"Tani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081810401648600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7085","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7085-2010","article-title":"PTR-MS measurements\nof non-methane volatile organic compounds during an intensive field\ncampaign at the summit of Mount Tai, China, in June 2006","volume":"10","author":"Inomata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. 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