{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:24Z","timestamp":1792784664940,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["C6022-23G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C6022-23G"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["T24-508\/22N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T24-508\/22N"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["T24-614\/25N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T24-614\/25N"]}]},{"name":"NationalNattural Science Foundation of China","award":["42507156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42507156"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oxidative potential (OP), defined as the capacity of particulate matter (PM) to consume antioxidants and\/or generate reactive oxygen species, is increasingly used as a metric for assessing PM toxicity. However, the concentration\u2013response relationship between PM components and OP measured by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay (OPDTT) is often nonlinear, and the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we measured OPDTT of laboratory-prepared solutions and ambient PM2.5 samples and propose a quasi-Michaelis\u2013Menten mechanism involving DTT, transition metals, and oxygen. The derived equations for copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) quantitatively reproduced the nonlinear OPDTT response observed in both single-metal standard solutions and ambient samples, as well as the antagonistic effects of Cu\u2013Mn mixtures. For 62 ambient PM2.5 samples collected in Beijing over one year, a model based on water-soluble Cu, Mn, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), assuming a linear WSOC contribution, accounted for 98.6% of the measured OPDTT. These results support the proposed quasi-Michaelis\u2013Menten mechanism as an explanation for the nonlinear concentration\u2013response relationship and provide a basis for predicting OPDTT from PM2.5 chemical composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c09293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:01:56Z","timestamp":1789830116000},"page":"27640-27648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A\nQuasi-Michaelis\u2013Menten Mechanism Explains\nthe Nonlinear Relationship between Transition Metals and PM2.5 Oxidative Potential Measured by the Dithiothreitol (DTT) Assay"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-1198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanzhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5167-576X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuhuang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5378-3529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manfei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210036"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-8324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]},{"name":"Shandong University , , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266237"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6165-6500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian Zhen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10082","key":"2026100609074421500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates\nand 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to\nambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden\nof Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7569","key":"2026100609074421500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15371","article-title":"The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to\npremature mortality on a global scale","volume":"525","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609074421500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1399","article-title":"Adverse\ncardiovascular effects of air pollution","volume":"6","author":"Mills","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat.\nClin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med"},{"issue":"10440","key":"2026100609074421500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life\nexpectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811\nsubnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for\nthe Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026100609074421500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9321","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9321-2012","article-title":"On dithiothreitol\n(DTT) as a measure of oxidative potential\nfor ambient particles: evidence for the importance of soluble transition\nmetals","volume":"12","author":"Charrier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. 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Total Environ"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07478","article-title":"Assessment of Interactions\nbetween Transition Metals and Atmospheric\nOrganics: Ascorbic Acid Depletion and Hydroxyl Radical Formation in\nOrganic-Metal Mixtures","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609074421500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2009.09.001","article-title":"Abundance and size\ndistribution of HULIS in ambient aerosols at a rural site in South\nChina","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2024.120980","article-title":"An online instrument\nfor assessing oxidative potential of ambient\nparticulate matter via dithiothreitol assay, using particle-into-liquid\nsampler (PILS) coupled with improved light absorption measurement","volume":"343","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124218","article-title":"Pollutants from primary\nsources dominate the oxidative potential of water-soluble PM2.5 in\nHong Kong in terms of dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption and hydroxyl\nradical production","volume":"405","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.04.047","article-title":"PM2.5 and\nPM10 oxidative potential at a Central Mediterranean\nSite: Contrasts between dithiothreitol- and ascorbic acid-measured\nvalues in relation with particle size and chemical composition","volume":"210","author":"Perrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.1c00125","article-title":"Remarkably\nHigh Oxidative Potential\nof Atmospheric PM2.5 Coming from a Large-Scale Paddy-Residue Burning\nover the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS\nEarth Space Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100609074421500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-5549-2021","article-title":"Atmospheric conditions\nand composition that influence\nPM2.5 oxidative potential in Beijing, China","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.099","article-title":"Oxidative potential\nof particulate matter collected at sites with different source characteristics","volume":"472","author":"Janssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100609074421500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.1021\/es505577w","article-title":"Organic\nAerosols Associated with\nthe Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by Water-Soluble PM2.5","volume":"49","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Res"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6086","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16124","article-title":"A guide to\nthe Michaelis\u2013Menten equation: steady state and beyond","volume":"289","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Febs J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100609074421500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(00)00212-9","article-title":"Coordination of heavy\nmetals by dithiothreitol, a commonly used thiol group protectant","volume":"84","author":"Kre\u0327z\u0307el","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026100609074421500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23161","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c09374","article-title":"Linking Transition\nMetal Concentration\nand Oxidative Potential in PM2.5 by Ascorbic Acid Assay via Quasi-Michaelis\u2013Menten\nMechanism","volume":"59","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100609074421500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00318","article-title":"Linking Copper Concentration to Oxidative Potential of PM2.5: Mechanistic\nStudy of Glutathione Depletion in Surrogate Lung Fluid","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS ES T Air"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100609074421500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08535","article-title":"Oxidative Potential\nof Atmospheric Particulate Matter: A Review of\nthe Role of Metal\u2013Organic Interactions, Mechanistic Insights,\nand Key Determinants","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100609074421500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04261","article-title":"Synergistic\nand Antagonistic Interactions among the Particulate Matter Components\nin Generating Reactive Oxygen Species Based on the Dithiothreitol\nAssay","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100609074421500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.9b00172","article-title":"The Mechanisms Responsible\nfor the Interactions among\nOxalate, pH, and Fe Dissolution in PM2.5","volume":"3","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS\nEarth Space Chem"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116616","article-title":"Assessment of oxidative\npotential by hydrophilic and hydrophobic\nfractions of water-soluble PM2.5 and their mixture effects","volume":"275","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"2026100609074421500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131693","article-title":"Measurement\nartifacts in the dithiothreitol\n(DTT) oxidative potential assay caused by interactions between aqueous\nmetals and phosphate buffer","volume":"456","author":"Yalamanchili","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100609074421500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01606","article-title":"Rates of Hydroxyl\nRadical Production from Transition\nMetals and Quinones in a Surrogate Lung Fluid","volume":"49","author":"Charrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026100609074421500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.01.004","article-title":"Generation\nof hydroxyl radicals from\ndissolved transition metals in surrogate lung fluid solutions","volume":"42","author":"Vidrio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c09293","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/39\/27640\/68563546\/acs.est.6c09293.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/39\/27640\/68563546\/acs.est.6c09293.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:29:25Z","timestamp":1791293365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/39\/27640\/5433256\/A-Quasi-Michaelis-Menten-Mechanism-Explains-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c09293","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]}}}