{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:43:06Z","timestamp":1792784586348,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"UN Ocean Decade Action ??? UN22"},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42271085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42271085"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42449910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42449910"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Open-ocean microplastic (MP) abundance is commonly reported as a contamination metric, but surface concentrations may reflect environmental redistribution, dilution, and retention in addition to source exposure. Here, we investigated surface MPs across 43 stations in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) during the late northeast monsoon period using in situ pumped sampling, \u03bc-FTIR identification, and 22 environmental indicators spanning productivity, particle optical properties, hydrography, surface dynamics, mixed-layer structure, and maritime exposure. MPs were detected at all stations, with abundances ranging from 6.67 to 160.00 particles m\u20133 and a mean of 29.37 \u00b1 26.72 particles m\u20133. This pronounced spatial heterogeneity is consistent with the intrinsic patchiness of open-ocean surface waters, where hydrodynamic transport, convergence, dispersion, and vertical redistribution can generate strong local variability in particle abundance. The regional MP assemblage was dominated by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), fibers, light-colored particles, and small MPs, with particles &amp;lt;200 \u03bcm accounting for 52.1% of the total. Elevated abundance was not explained by maritime exposure alone, but was associated with lower primary production, weaker particulate backscattering, warmer surface waters, and weaker surface-dynamic forcing. Using environmental variables alone to define surface-water regimes, we found that MP abundance was significantly higher in warm, low-productivity waters with weaker surface dynamics than in cooler, more productive waters with stronger surface dynamics (mean: 34.64 vs 17.18 particles m\u20133; Kruskal\u2013Wallis H = 8.57, p = 0.0034). Particle composition, including polymer\/material type, morphology, color, and size class, remained broadly similar across regimes. These findings suggest that environmental conditions modulate the surface abundance of an existing regional MP pool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c09405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:02:00Z","timestamp":1788926520000},"page":"26726-26741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface\nBiogeochemical\nRegimes Shape Microplastic\nAbundance in the Eastern Indian Ocean"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9471-7737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jungang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200062"]},{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]},{"name":"Region Training and Research Center on Plastic Marine Debris and Microplastics, IOC-UNESCO , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]},{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200062"]},{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]},{"name":"Region Training and Research Center on Plastic Marine Debris and Microplastics, IOC-UNESCO , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huazhu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangchen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalida","family":"Jabeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200062"]},{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]},{"name":"Region Training and Research Center on Plastic Marine Debris and Microplastics, IOC-UNESCO , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3447-3485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daoji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200062"]},{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]},{"name":"Region Training and Research Center on Plastic Marine Debris and Microplastics, IOC-UNESCO , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.10.026","article-title":"A potpourri\nof microplastics in the\nsea surface and water column of the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"110","author":"Cincinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.11.038","article-title":"Significance\nof interactions between microplastics and POPs in the marine environment:\na critical overview","volume":"111","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192321","article-title":"Plastic\naccumulation in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre","volume":"329","author":"Law","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08818-1","article-title":"The distribution of subsurface microplastics in the\nocean","volume":"641","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051116","article-title":"The effect\nof wind mixing on the vertical distribution\nof buoyant plastic debris","volume":"39","author":"Kukulka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014547","article-title":"The role of\nEkman currents, geostrophy, and stokes drift in the accumulation of\nfloating microplastic","volume":"124","author":"Onink","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6086","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015328","article-title":"Influence of near-surface currents\non the global dispersal of marine microplastic","volume":"124","author":"Wichmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14204","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04814","article-title":"Observations and simulations\nof microplastic debris in a tide, wind, and freshwater-driven estuarine\nenvironment: the Delaware Bay","volume":"53","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16089","article-title":"Large quantities of small microplastics permeate the\nsurface ocean to abyssal depths in the South Atlantic Gyre","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260352","article-title":"Plastic waste inputs\nfrom land into the ocean","volume":"347","author":"Jambeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01216-0","article-title":"Global mass\nof buoyant marine plastics dominated by large long-lived debris","volume":"16","author":"Kaandorp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00248-z","article-title":"Impact\nof heteroaggregation\nbetween microplastics and algae on particle vertical transport","volume":"2","author":"Parrella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2018.12.012","article-title":"Mesoscale-submesoscale\ninteractions in the Gulf of\nMexico: From oil dispersion to climate","volume":"119","author":"Bracco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chaos,\nSolitons Fractals"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010814-015606","article-title":"Mechanisms of physical-biological-biogeochemical\ninteraction\nat the oceanic mesoscale","volume":"8","author":"McGillicuddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7963","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04702","article-title":"Ups and Downs in\nthe Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics","volume":"51","author":"Kooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.010","article-title":"A workflow\nfor improving estimates of microplastic contamination in marine waters:\nA case study from North-Western Australia","volume":"238","author":"Kroon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2011.01.002","article-title":"Global observations of nonlinear\nmesoscale eddies","volume":"91","author":"Chelton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-20-0166.1","article-title":"Improvements of the daily optimum\ninterpolation sea surface temperature (DOISST) version 2.1","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.698876","article-title":"The Copernicus\nglobal 1\/12 oceanic and sea ice GLORYS12\nreanalysis","volume":"9","author":"Jean-Michel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit29","article-title":"World Seaborne\nTrade in Real Time: A Proof of Concept for Building AIS-based Nowcasts\nfrom Scratch","volume-title":"IMF Working Papers","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit30","article-title":"Global Shipping Traffic Density","author":"World Bank Group."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01141.x","article-title":"Why do\nwe still use stepwise modelling in ecology and behaviour?","volume":"75","author":"Whittingham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0202","article-title":"Principal component\nanalysis: a review and recent developments","volume":"374","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A"},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441","article-title":"Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kruskal","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17932-9","article-title":"High concentrations\nof plastic hidden beneath the surface\nof the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"11","author":"Pabortsava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150243","article-title":"Cross-oceanic\ndistribution\nand origin of microplastics in the subsurface water of the South China\nSea and Eastern Indian Ocean","volume":"805","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7036","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01750","article-title":"Polyester\ntextiles as a source of\nmicroplastics from households: a mechanistic study to understand microfiber\nrelease during washing","volume":"51","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5800","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05416","article-title":"Wastewater treatment\nworks (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment","volume":"50","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20347-1","article-title":"Pervasive distribution\nof polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs","volume":"12","author":"Ross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production,\nuse, and fate of all\nplastics ever made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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Spectrosc."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119547","article-title":"Spatial distribution\nof microplastics\nin the tropical Indian Ocean based on laser direct infrared imaging\nand microwave-assisted matrix digestion","volume":"307","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142629","article-title":"Pelagic microplastics\nin surface\nwater of the Eastern Indian Ocean during monsoon transition period:\nAbundance, distribution, and characteristics","volume":"755","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2025.107304","article-title":"Microplastic pollution in the Indian Ocean: Fiber-dominated contamination\nand comparative bioaccumulation in Auxis thazard and Symplectoteuthis\noualaniensis","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2026.107991","article-title":"From surface water\nto marine fauna: Assessing microplastic pollution in the northeastern\nIndian Ocean ecosystem","volume":"217","author":"Fan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02842-9","article-title":"Anthropogenic sources and oceanographic dynamics control\nthe microplastic distribution in the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"6","author":"Go\u00dfmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2015.04.003","article-title":"Interactions\nbetween microplastics\nand phytoplankton aggregates: impact on their respective fates","volume":"175","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-00690-z","article-title":"Non-buoyant\nmicroplastic settling velocity varies with biofilm growth and ambient\nwater salinity","volume":"4","author":"Mendrik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72898-4","article-title":"The global\nbiological microplastic particle sink","volume":"10","author":"Kvale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0410-x","article-title":"Plastic\nleachates impair growth and\noxygen production in Prochlorococcus, the ocean\u2019s most abundant\nphotosynthetic bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Tetu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14947","article-title":"Microplastics\nin Arctic\npolar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and\nsub-surface samples","volume":"5","author":"Lusher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00091-0","article-title":"Microplastics distribution in the Eurasian Arctic is affected by\nAtlantic waters and Siberian rivers","volume":"2","author":"Yakushev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun.\nEarth Environ."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115954","article-title":"Vertical distribution\nof microplastic\nalong the main gate of Indonesian Throughflow pathways","volume":"199","author":"Manullang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115700","article-title":"Microplastics\naccumulate to thin\nlayers in the stratified Baltic Sea","volume":"268","author":"Uurasja\u0308rvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"key":"2026092210095098600_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.697430","article-title":"The role of Stokes drift in the dispersal\nof North Atlantic surface marine debris","volume":"8","author":"Bosi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front.\nMar. 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