{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:08:03Z","timestamp":1790089683625,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sunscreens are an important protection measure against harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. However, potential health effects of several commonly used UV filters are currently being discussed. We conducted a human biomonitoring (HBM)-based exposure and risk assessment for octocrylene (OC), 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS), and homosalate (HMS; a mixture of cis- and trans-HMS) in urine samples collected in Queensland and across Australia from 2012 to 2023, pooled by age, sex, and collection period (187 pools representing approximately 18,700 individuals). The pooled urines were analyzed by LC\u2013MS\/MS for specific exposure biomarkers of these UV filters. Determinants of exposure were investigated using Tobit regression. Biomarker concentrations increased over time, and clear age trends were observed, with children showing roughly one order of magnitude higher concentrations than adolescents\/adults. Concentrations of the EHS biomarker 5cx-EPS exceeded the health-based guidance value (HBM-I) in 23% of children\u2019s pooled urines. For the cis-HMS biomarker HMS-CA5, most pooled urines of children exceeded HBM-I (80%) and 53% even HBM-II. These findings indicate the need to reduce HMS exposure in at least some individuals, confirming the necessity for stricter regulations for homosalate in Australia, as recently enforced in the European Union and recommended by Australian authorities, to ensure sunscreen safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c09445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:01:56Z","timestamp":1788548516000},"page":"26258-26268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing UV Filter\nExposure in Queensland, Australia:\nHuman Biomonitoring Evidence Highlighting Homosalate in Children"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8900-1274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katharina E.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , , Bu\u0308rkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 , ,","place":["Bochum, Germany, 44789"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-3657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Danielle E.","family":"Que","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland , , 20 Cornwall Street , , ,","place":["Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia, 4102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Lotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , , Bu\u0308rkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 , ,","place":["Bochum, Germany, 44789"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bru\u0308ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , , Bu\u0308rkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 , ,","place":["Bochum, Germany, 44789"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leisa-Maree L.","family":"Toms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology , , , ,","place":["Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia, 4059"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology , Bowen Hills , ,","place":["Queensland, Australia, 4006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heath","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology , Bowen Hills , ,","place":["Queensland, Australia, 4006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-2837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Holger M.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , , Bu\u0308rkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 , ,","place":["Bochum, Germany, 44789"]},{"name":"The University of Queensland , , 20 Cornwall Street , , ,","place":["Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia, 4102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen F.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland , , 20 Cornwall Street , , ,","place":["Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia, 4102"]},{"name":"Minderoo Centre\u2013Plastics and Human Health , 20 Cornwall Street , , ,","place":["Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia, 4102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-3133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , , Bu\u0308rkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1 , ,","place":["Bochum, Germany, 44789"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer.\n          . Melanoma of skin. https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/today\/en\/dataviz\/maps-heatmap?mode=population&cancers=16&map_scaling=quantize."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit2","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer.\n          . Non-melanoma skin\ncancer. https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/today\/en\/dataviz\/maps-heatmap?mode=population&cancers=17&map_scaling=quantize."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210091449500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.09.024","article-title":"Weekend sun protection and sunburn\nin Australia trends (1987\u20132002) and association with SunSmart\ntelevision advertising","volume":"34","author":"Dobbinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. 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Manage."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129546","article-title":"Beach showers as sources\nof contamination for sunscreen pollution in marine protected areas\nand areas of intensive beach tourism in Hawaii, USA","volume":"438","author":"Downs","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09626-6","article-title":"UV-filter\npollution: current concerns and future prospects","volume":"193","author":"de Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210091449500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13777","article-title":"Ultraviolet\nfilters\nin sunscreens and cosmetic products-A market survey","volume":"85","author":"Chaiyabutr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026092210091449500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12003","DOI":"10.3390\/app122312003","article-title":"Recent Trends on\nUV filters","volume":"12","author":"Jesus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210091449500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13748","article-title":"Ultraviolet filter, fragrance and preservative allergens in New Zealand\nsunscreens","volume":"63","author":"Roh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit12","unstructured":"U.S. Food &\nDrug Administration. Code of Federal Regulations, 5, https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/on\/2026-06-20\/title-21\/chapter-I\/subchapter-D\/part-352\/subpart-B\/section-352.10."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit13","unstructured":"ASEAN.\n          . ASEAN Cosmetics Directive Annex VII: List of permitted\nUV filters which cosmetic products may contain, Version\nNo.: 2026-1, 22nd June 2026. https:\/\/file.go.gov.sg\/annexes-of-the-asean-cosmetic-directive.pdf."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit14","unstructured":"Regulation (EC)\nNo 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the\nCouncil of 30 November 2009 on Cosmetic Products, 2009, http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2009\/1223\/2026-05-18."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit15","unstructured":"Therapeutic Goods Administration.\n          . Australian\nregulatory guidelines\nfor sunscreens. https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/australian-regulatory-guidelines-for-sunscreens.pdf."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit16","unstructured":"Commission Regulation (EU).\n          \n          2022\/2195 of 10 November 2022 Amending Regulation\n(EC) No 1223\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as\nRegards the Use of Butylated Hydroxytoluene, Acid Yellow 3, Homosalate\nand HAA299 in Cosmetic Products and Correcting that Regulation as\nRegards the Use of Resorcinol in Cosmetic Products, 2022, http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2022\/2195\/oj."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit17","unstructured":"Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme.\n          . Benzoic\nacid, 2-hydroxy-, 3,3,5- trimethylcyclohexyl ester (Homosalate) Evaluation\nstatement (EVA00162). https:\/\/www.industrialchemicals.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-12\/EVA00162%20-%20Evaluation%20Statement%20-%2016%20December%202024.pdf."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit18","unstructured":"Therapeutic Goods Administration.\n          . Safety Review of Seven Active Sunscreen\nIngredients. https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-04\/safety-review-seven-active-sunscreen-ingredients.pdf."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.02.014","article-title":"Determination of metabolites of the\nUV filter 2-ethylhexyl salicylate in human urine by online-SPE-LC-MS\/MS","volume":"1110\u20131111","author":"Bury","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. 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Toxicol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026092210091449500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.024","article-title":"Human biomonitoring:\nstate of the\nart","volume":"210","author":"Angerer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092210091449500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A166","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1510041","article-title":"Optimal Exposure\nBiomarkers for Nonpersistent Chemicals in Environmental Epidemiology","volume":"123","author":"Calafat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.04.001","article-title":"Urinary metabolites of the UV filter 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate\nas biomarkers of exposure in humans","volume":"309","author":"Bury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol.\nLett."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107637","article-title":"Diastereoselective\nmetabolism of homomenthyl salicylate (homosalate): Identification\nof relevant human exposure biomarkers","volume":"170","author":"Ebert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nInt."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210091449500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03996","article-title":"Determination of Urinary Metabolites\nof the Emerging UV Filter Octocrylene by Online-SPE-LC-MS\/MS","volume":"90","author":"Bury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338754","article-title":"Determination of urinary\nmetabolites of the UV filter homosalate by online-SPE-LC-MS\/MS","volume":"1176","author":"Ebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210091449500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.3c00287","article-title":"Identification, Organic\nSynthesis, and Sensitive Analysis of a cis-Homosalate-Specific Exposure\nBiomarker","volume":"37","author":"Ebert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210091449500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.06.002","article-title":"Human biomonitoring\nassessment values:Approaches and data requirements","volume":"214","author":"Angerer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210091449500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.007","article-title":"New HBM values\nfor emerging substances, inventory of reference and HBM values in\nforce, and working principles of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission","volume":"220","author":"Apel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092210091449500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-023-03697-1","article-title":"Stoffmonographie fu\u0308r Octisalat (Octylsalicylat, Ethylhexylsalicylat,\nEHS) \u2013 HBM-Werte fu\u0308r die Metaboliten 5OH-EHS und 5cx-EPS\nim Urin von Erwachsenen und Kindern: Stellungnahme der Kommission\n\u201dHuman-Biomonitoring\u201c des Umweltbundesamtes. [Substance\nmonograph for octisalate (octylsalicylate, ethylhexyl salicylate,\nEHS)-HBM values for the metabolites 5OH-EHS and 5cx-EPS in urine of\nadults and children","volume":"66","author":"German Human Biomonitoring Commission.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt\nGesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092210091449500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-023-03785-2","article-title":"Stoffmonographie fu\u0308r Octocrylen \u2013 HBM-Werte fu\u0308r\ndie Metaboliten 2-Cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylsa\u0308ure (CPAA) und 2-(Carboxymethyl)butyl\n2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylat (Dinor-OC-Carbonsa\u0308ure, DOCCA) im\nUrin der Allgemeinbevo\u0308lkerung: Stellungnahme der Kommission\n\u201dHuman-Biomonitoring\u201c des Umweltbundesamtes. [Substance\nmonograph for octocrylene-HBM values for the metabolites 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic\nacid (CPAA) and 2-(carboxymethyl)butyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate\n(Dinor OC carboxylic acid, DOCCA) in urine of the general population-Statement\nof the Commission \u201cHuman Biomonitoring\u201d of the German\nEnvironment Agency]","volume":"66","author":"German Human Biomonitoring Commission.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt\nGesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit37","unstructured":"German Environment Agency. 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[Substance\nmonograph for homosalate (homomenthyl salicylate, HMS)-HBM values\nfor the metabolites tHMS- CA and HMS-CA5 in urine of adults and children.\nStatement of the Human Biomonitoring Commission (HBM Commission) of\nthe German Environment Agency]","volume":"69","author":"German Human Biomonitoring Commission.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt\nGesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108334","article-title":"Increasing\nexposure to the UV filters octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl salicylate\nin Germany from 1996 to 2020: Human biomonitoring in 24-h urine samples\nof the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB)","volume":"182","author":"Bury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.09.001","article-title":"Use of pooled samples\nto assess human exposure to parabens, benzophenone-3 and triclosan\nin Queensland, Australia","volume":"85","author":"Heffernan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.12.016","article-title":"Concentrations of\nphthalates and DINCH metabolites in pooled urine from Queensland,\nAustralia","volume":"88","author":"Gomez Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026092210091449500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.11.019","article-title":"Urinary\nmetabolites of organophosphate esters: Concentrations and age trends\nin Australian children","volume":"111","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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