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Here, we integrate solar photovoltaics and atmospheric water harvesting with plant factories, creating a technically mature off-grid agricultural system using plant factories (OASIS). By decoupling production from local water and grid infrastructure, OASIS significantly expands the area suitable for cultivation. Globally, OASIS can meet the recommended upper vegetable intake (600 g capita\u20131 day\u20131) for at least 98.3% of the population, leveraging mostly non-arable land. Cropland substitution could spare approximately 578,000 km2 for staple food production and, under the idealized zero-operational-loss case, reduce agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus losses by up to 9.90 and 0.95 Tg yr\u20131, respectively. Estimated global, production-weighted levelized costs were 3.8\u20134.0 USD kg\u20131 across six scenarios. Under the 600 g capita\u20131 day\u20131 scenario with cropland substitution, OASIS offered cost advantages over existing production benchmarks in 115 of 166 comparable countries, including all 26 low-income countries, which could meet modeled supply targets with a 32.2% average cost advantage. These results highlight OASIS\u2019s potential to advance resilient, clean vegetable production and the Sustainable Development Goals across food security, health, and land conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c09553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:01:29Z","timestamp":1790917289000},"page":"28633-28645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decentralized Solar-Driven\nPlant Factories Secure\nan Adequate Global Vegetable Supply beyond the Electricity Grid and\nWater Limitations"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deshuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University , 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