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However, their impacts on the formation of excited triplet-state CDOM (3CDOM*) remain poorly constrained. Using more than 20 model compounds representing common CDOM chromophores, we demonstrate that carboxylation enhances triplet quantum yields (\u03a6) by 1.1\u201369-fold relative to their parent compounds. Consistently, \u03a6 values of CDOM isolates positively correlate with their carboxyl content. Theoretical calculations reveal that carboxylation shifts the lowest excited state from locally excited \u03c0\u2013\u03c0* character toward mixed n\u2212\u03c0*\/charge-transfer states and increases spin\u2013orbit coupling, thereby promoting intersystem crossing and triplet formation. Building on these insights, we developed quantitative models that predict \u03a6 using thermodynamic and electronic descriptors and established empirical relationships between \u03a6 and bulk CDOM properties, including molecular weight and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, solar irradiation of humic acid induced decarboxylation accompanied by a decline in \u03a6, whereas carboxyl introduction enhanced the overall photochemical reactivity of CDOM toward organic contaminant degradation. Together, these findings elucidate how carboxylation\u2013decarboxylation modulates 3CDOM* formation, advancing mechanistic understanding of aquatic reactive species generation and natural attenuation of organic contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c09614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:02:10Z","timestamp":1788984130000},"page":"29608-29617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling\nthe Importance of Carboxyl Groups in Photochemically\nExcited Triplet Formation of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Huajing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming University of Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Kunming, P. R. China, 650500"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming University of Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Kunming, P. R. China, 650500"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming University of Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Kunming, P. R. China, 650500"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0120-6110","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, P. R. China, 200240"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-7126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming University of Science & Technology , , ,","place":["Kunming, P. R. China, 650500"]},{"name":"Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Emission Reduction and Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils , ,","place":["Kunming, P.R. China, 650500"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China, 999077"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-9827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiarui","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , , , , ,","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. 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