{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:48:38Z","timestamp":1791920918600,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010256","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A04J4522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J4522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42307528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bulk PM2.5 measurements are widely used to assess the oxidative toxicity of particulate matter, but they integrate size fractions that differ in composition and respiratory deposition. We show that mixing PM1 and PM1\u20132.5 from a roadside site produces pronounced antagonistic effects on oxidative potential (OP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, with interaction factors (IFs) below 1 across all end points: OP by the ascorbic acid assay (IF = 0.65\u20130.81), OP by the dithiothreitol assay (IF = 0.80\u20130.93), ROS (IF = 0.10\u20130.88), and mitochondrial superoxide (IF = 0.43\u20130.78). This antagonism requires metal\u2013organic interactions as metal-free biomass burning PM exhibits strictly additive behaviors. Cu2+\u2013humic acid experiments reproduce the antagonistic effects seen in ambient PM (IFs = 0.22\u20130.95). Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms the formation of complexed Cu and reveals that the conversion of free Cu to complexed Cu is nonlinear with respect to the HA:Cu ratio, providing a mechanistic explanation for the divergent interaction effects reported across studies. These results indicate that bulk PM2.5 measurements can mask the oxidative toxicity of metal\u2013organic interactions, highlighting the need for size-resolved OP and ROS characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c09837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:01:20Z","timestamp":1790852480000},"page":"28513-28523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bulk\nPM2.5 Masks Oxidative Potential and\nReactive Oxygen Species Responses by Metal\u2013Organic Complexation\nin PM1 and PM1\u20132.5 Fractions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jianing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-5884","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4845-2749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ting","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]},{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) , , , ,","place":["Nansha, Guangzhou, China, 511400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-43","article-title":"Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure\nand Cardio- Respiratory Mortality: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Hoek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026101310155447500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8","article-title":"Air Pollution and Cardiovascular\nDisease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Expert\nPanel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association","volume":"109","author":"Brook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026101310155447500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate\nMatter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the\nScientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310155447500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1021\/nl061025k","article-title":"Comparison of the Abilities of Ambient and Manufactured\nNanoparticles to Induce Cellular Toxicity According to an Oxidative\nStress Paradigm","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-010-0095-2","article-title":"Air Pollution\nand Circulating Biomarkers\nof Oxidative Stress","volume":"4","author":"Delfino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101310155447500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.028","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Ambient Particulate\nMatter-Induced Lung Diseases and Its Implications in the Toxicity\nof Engineered Nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol.\nMed."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310155447500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1021\/tx010022e","article-title":"Air Pollution\nParticles Mediated Oxidative DNA Base\nDamage in a Cell Free System and in Human Airway Epithelial Cells\nin Relation to Particulate Metal Content and Bioreactivity","volume":"14","author":"Prahalad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.054","article-title":"Fine Particulate Matter\n(PM2.5) Aggravates Apoptosis of Cigarette-Inflamed\nBronchial Epithelium in Vivo and Vitro","volume":"248","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nPollut."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310155447500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02036-2017","article-title":"Outdoor Air Pollution,\nExhaled 8-Isoprostane and Current Asthma in Adults: The EGEA Study","volume":"51","author":"Havet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02977-5","article-title":"Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure Is Associated\nwith Asthma\nPrevalence and Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels in Children","volume":"97","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22382-3","article-title":"The Odds of Developing\nAsthma and Wheeze among Children and Adolescents Exposed to Particulate\nMatter: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Keleb","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcrp.2023.200217","article-title":"PM2.5 and Cardiovascular\nDiseases:\nState-of-the-Art Review","volume":"19","author":"Krittanawong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc.\nRisk Prev."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026101310155447500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13605","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02967","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen\nSpecies Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter\nand Cardiorespiratory Effects","volume":"49","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310155447500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1545","article-title":"Associations between\nAmbient Fine Particulate Oxidative Potential and Cardiorespiratory\nEmergency Department Visits","volume":"125","author":"Abrams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health\nPerspect."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0157-5","article-title":"Associations\nbetween Microvascular\nFunction and Short-Term Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution\nand Particulate Matter Oxidative Potential","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026101310155447500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12784","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03823","article-title":"Oxidative\nPotential\nof Particulate Matter and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in\nEpithelial Lining Fluid","volume":"53","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310155447500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03430","article-title":"Review of Acellular Assays of Ambient\nParticulate Matter Oxidative Potential: Methods and Relationships\nwith Composition, Sources, and Health Effects","volume":"53","author":"Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14422","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c02168","article-title":"The Promotion Effect\nof Dust on Oxidative Potential of PM2.5 via\nPhotochemical Aging","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122858","article-title":"Oxidative\nPotential, Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen\nSpecies of Size-Resolved Ambient Particles near Highways","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-018-0240-x","article-title":"PM2.5-Induced\nOxidative\nStress Increases Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in Lung\nEpithelial Cells through the IL-6\/AKT\/STAT3\/NF-\u03baB-Dependent\nPathway","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101310155447500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00325","article-title":"Online Monitoring of Superoxide Anions\nReleased from Skeletal Muscle Cells Using an Electrochemical Biosensor\nBased on Thick-Film Nanoporous Gold","volume":"1","author":"Sadeghian","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310155447500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.05.034","article-title":"Mitochondrial Superoxide:\nProduction, Biological Effects, and Activation of Uncoupling Proteins","volume":"37","author":"Brand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular\nMortality and Long-Term\nExposure to Particulate Air Pollution: Epidemiological Evidence of\nGeneral Pathophysiological Pathways of Disease","volume":"109","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310155447500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6802","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01536","article-title":"Ambient Size Distributions\nand Lung Deposition of Aerosol\nDithiothreitol-Measured Oxidative Potential: Contrast between Soluble\nand Insoluble Particles","volume":"51","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101310155447500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b06151","article-title":"Highly\nAcidic Ambient Particles, Soluble Metals, and Oxidative Potential:\nA Link between Sulfate and Aerosol Toxicity","volume":"51","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101310155447500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6592","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06686","article-title":"Particle Size Distributions of Oxidative\nPotential of Lung-Deposited Particles: Assessing Contributions from\nQuinones and Water-Soluble Metals","volume":"52","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134864","article-title":"Machine Learning-Derived Dose-Response Relationships\nConsidering Interactions in Mixtures: Applications to the Oxidative\nPotential of Particulate Matter","volume":"475","author":"Esu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard.\nMater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310155447500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.2c00316","article-title":"On the Relative Contribution of Iron and Organic Compounds, and Their\nInteraction in Cellular Oxidative Potential of Ambient PM2.5","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.02.022","article-title":"Insights into Reactive\nOxygen Species Formation Induced by Water-Soluble Organic Compounds\nand Transition Metals Using Spectroscopic Method","volume":"124","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310155447500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04261","article-title":"Synergistic\nand Antagonistic\nInteractions among the Particulate Matter Components in Generating\nReactive Oxygen Species Based on the Dithiothreitol Assay","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310155447500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10040196","article-title":"Synergistic\nand Antagonistic Effects\nof Aerosol Components on Its Oxidative Potential as Predictor of Particle\nToxicity","volume":"10","author":"Pietrogrande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134012","article-title":"Effect of Metal-Organic\nInteractions on the Oxidative Potential of\nMixtures of Atmospheric Humic-like Substances and Copper\/Manganese\nas Investigated by the Dithiothreitol Assay","volume":"697","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310155447500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07478","article-title":"Assessment of Interactions\nbetween Transition Metals and Atmospheric\nOrganics: Ascorbic Acid Depletion and Hydroxyl Radical Formation in\nOrganic-Metal Mixtures","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157768","article-title":"Oxidative\nPotential Induced by Metal-Organic Interaction from PM2.5 in Simulated\nBiological Fluids","volume":"848","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126573","article-title":"Quantification of Synergistic,\nAdditive and Antagonistic Effects of Aerosol Components on Total Oxidative\nPotential","volume":"252","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113652","article-title":"Oxidation Potential\nand Coupling Effects of the Fractionated Components in Airborne Fine\nParticulate Matter","volume":"213","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101310155447500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7010","DOI":"10.1021\/es501011w","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide\nFormation in a Surrogate Lung Fluid by Transition Metals and Quinones\nPresent in Particulate Matter","volume":"48","author":"Charrier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c08535","article-title":"Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Particulate Matter: A Review of\nthe Role of Metal\u2013Organic Interactions, Mechanistic Insights,\nand Key Determinants","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310155447500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(99)00291-X","article-title":"Porphyrins in Analytical Chemistry.\nA Review","volume":"51","author":"Biesaga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310155447500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3865-2016","article-title":"Oxidative Potential\nof Ambient Water-Soluble PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States:\nContrasts in Sources and Health Associations between Ascorbic Acid\n(AA) and Dithiothreitol (DTT) Assays","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310155447500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EA00025D","article-title":"A Comparative Study\nof Methods for Calculating the Oxidative Potential (OP) of Atmospheric\nParticulate Matter","volume":"5","author":"dos Santos Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Atmos."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49649-4","article-title":"Inter-Continental\nVariability in the Relationship of Oxidative Potential and Cytotoxicity\nwith PM2.5 Mass","volume":"15","author":"Salana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/44.1.80","article-title":"A Multiple-Path Model\nof Fiber Deposition in the Rat\nLung","volume":"44","author":"Asgharian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310155447500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8240(80)80060-7","article-title":"Models of Human\nLung Airways and Their Application\nto Inhaled Particle Deposition","volume":"42","author":"Yeh","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Math.\nBiol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.06.027","article-title":"Chemical Characterization\nand Source Apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 in Tianjin, China: Impacts\nof Biomass Burning and Primary Biogenic Sources","volume":"99","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.161092","article-title":"Sources, Chemical\nComponents, and Toxicological Responses of Size Segregated Urban Air\nPM Samples in High Air Pollution Season in Guangzhou, China","volume":"865","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026101310155447500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01975","article-title":"Iron and Copper\nAlter the Oxidative Potential of Secondary Organic Aerosol: Insights\nfrom Online Measurements and Model Development","volume":"57","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.119645","article-title":"Environmental Photochemistry in Hematite-Oxalate\nSystem: Fe(III)-Oxalate\nComplex Photolysis and ROS Generation","volume":"283","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl.\nCatal., B"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101310155447500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10439","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-10439-2021","article-title":"Aqueous-Phase\nReactive Species Formed by Fine Particulate Matter from Remote Forests\nand Polluted Urban Air","volume":"21","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.149","article-title":"Fine Particulate Matter\nInduces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Human SH-SY5Y\nCells","volume":"218","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.627837","article-title":"Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species\nand Their Contribution in Chronic\nKidney Disease Progression Through Oxidative Stress","volume":"12","author":"Tirichen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22816","article-title":"Investigation\nof Inflammation Inducing Substances in PM2.5 Particles by an Elimination\nMethod Using Thermal Decomposition","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nToxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101310155447500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01874-y","article-title":"The Mechanism\nUnderlying Correlation of Particulate Matter-Induced Ferroptosis with\nInflammasome Activation and Iron Accumulation in Macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discovery"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310155447500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-729-2006","article-title":"Atmospheric HULIS:\nHow Humic-like Are They? A Comprehensive\nand Critical Review","volume":"6","author":"Graber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310155447500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.9b00299","article-title":"Atmospheric \u201cHULIS\u201d\nin Different Environments: Polarities, Molecular Sizes, and Sources\nSuggest More Than 50% Are Not \u201cHumic-Like\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Spranger","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2011.00564.x","article-title":"Water-Soluble\nOrganic Compounds (WSOCs)\nin PM2.5 and PM10 at a Subtropical Site of India","volume":"63","author":"Khare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101310155447500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020041","article-title":"Water-Soluble\nOrganic Carbon Aerosols\nduring a Full New Delhi Winter: Isotope-Based Source Apportionment\nand Optical Properties","volume":"119","author":"Kirillova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310155447500_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.10.021","article-title":"Characteristics\nof Summertime PM2.5 Organic and Elemental Carbon in Four Major Chinese\nCities: Implications of High Acidity for Water-Soluble Organic Carbon\n(WSOC)","volume":"45","author":"Pathak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20220011","article-title":"WSOC and Its Relationship with BC,\nLevoglucosan and Transition Metals in the PM2.5 of an Urban Area in\nthe Amazon","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310155447500_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2022.10.004","article-title":"Ambient Particle Composition\nand Toxicity in 31 Major Cities in China","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fundam.\nRes."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.02.059","article-title":"Monitoring and Source\nApportionment of Trace Elements in PM 2.5:\nImplications for Local Air Quality Management","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08628-0","article-title":"Trace Metals\nand Magnetic Particles\nin PM2.5: Magnetic Identification and Its Implications","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310155447500_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8100189","article-title":"Summertime\nDay-Night Differences of PM2.5 Components (Inorganic Ions, OC, EC,\nWSOC, WSON, HULIS, and PAHs) in Changzhou, China","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118316","article-title":"Molecular Composition and Optical\nProperty of Humic-like Substances (HULIS) in Winter-Time PM2.5 in\nthe Rural Area of North China Plain","volume":"252","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos.\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.12.004","article-title":"Atmospheric HULIS and Its Ability\nto Mediate the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): A Review","volume":"71","author":"Win","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310155447500_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.05.0233","article-title":"Characterization\nof Seasonal Difference\nof HULIS-C Sources from Water Soluble PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea: Probing\nSecondary Processes","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101310155447500_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020242","article-title":"Study of the Direct\nRed 81 Dye\/Copper(II)-Phenanthroline System","volume":"23","author":"Walger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayaba, S.; Fujitani, Y.\n          Quantifying the\nSynergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Metal\u2013Organic Complexation\non Particulate Matter Oxidative Potential via Redox Kinetics\n          ChemRxiv\n          2026, No. 0908, 10.26434\/chemrxiv.15002727\/v4.","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.15002727\/v4"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101310155447500_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6000","article-title":"Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial\nDamage","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101310155447500_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3324","article-title":"Airborne Nanoparticles\n(PM0.1 ) Induce Autophagic Cell\nDeath of Human Neuronal Cells","volume":"36","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.093","article-title":"Ultrafine Particulate\nMatter Impairs\nMitochondrial Redox Homeostasis and Activates Phosphatidylinositol\n3-Kinase Mediated DNA Damage Responses in Lymphocytes","volume":"234","author":"Bhargava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101310155447500_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6851","article-title":"Ultrafine\nParticle Deposition in Subjects with Asthma","volume":"112","author":"Chalupa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026101310155447500_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.117058","article-title":"A Characterization\nof HULIS-C and the Oxidative Potential of HULIS and HULIS-Fe(II) Mixture\nin PM2.5 during Hazy and Non-Hazy Days in Shanghai","volume":"219","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101310155447500_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05731","article-title":"Complexation of Iron and Copper in\nAmbient Particulate Matter and Its Effect on the Oxidative Potential\nMeasured in a Surrogate Lung Fluid","volume":"53","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c09837","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28513\/68723362\/acs.est.6c09837.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28513\/68723362\/acs.est.6c09837.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:12:01Z","timestamp":1791918721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/40\/28513\/5443190\/Bulk-PM2-5-Masks-Oxidative-Potential-and-Reactive"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c09837","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}