{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:07:02Z","timestamp":1790690822107,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F?rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20WA21_216684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20WA21_216684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007352","name":"Staatssekretariat f?r Bildung, Forschung und Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101182025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101182025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007352","name":"Staatssekretariat f?r Bildung, Forschung und Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25.00401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25.00401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pathogen-related human health impacts from wastewater emissions are not normally addressed in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), limiting the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare wastewater infrastructure and management options that differ in treatment performance, discharge location, and exposure context. Building on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), which has identified recreational water use as an important exposure pathway for wastewater-related pathogens, this study translates QMRA into a spatially explicit LCIA framework for pathogen emissions to surface waters. The framework links wastewater treatment plant emissions, pathogen fate in rivers and lakes, recreational exposure at bathing sites, dose\u2013response relationships, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to derive characterization factors (CFs) compatible with LCA. In a national-scale application to Switzerland, we assess six wastewater-related pathogens transported through the river and lake network to 503 designated bathing sites. The estimated annual health burden is 1150 DALYs, with strong spatial concentration: the top 10 bathing sites account for 64 % of the total burden. Basin- and pathogen-specific CFs span up to five orders of magnitude, showing that generic or spatially averaged factors can obscure decision-relevant variation. The framework provides the first pathogen-specific CFs for wastewater emissions to surface waters and enables pathogen-related human health impacts to be integrated into LCA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c10006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:02:12Z","timestamp":1789549332000},"page":"27192-27203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatially\nExplicit\nAssessment of Pathogen-Related\nHealth Impacts in Life Cycle Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-8535","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Schenker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich , Laura-Hezner-Weg 7 , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, CH - 8093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich , Laura-Hezner-Weg 7 , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, CH - 8093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-2041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephan","family":"Pfister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich , Laura-Hezner-Weg 7 , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, CH - 8093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909080879500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001653","article-title":"Extreme water-related weather events\nand waterborne disease","volume":"141","author":"Cann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092909080879500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139952","article-title":"LCA of\nmunicipal wastewater treatment","volume":"341","author":"Tsangas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026092909080879500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.07.048","article-title":"Risk assessment\nof noroviruses and\nhuman adenoviruses in recreational surface waters","volume":"103","author":"Vergara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909080879500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.07.017","article-title":"Applying QMRA\nand DALY to assess health risks from river bathing","volume":"219","author":"Timm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. 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Health Rep."},{"key":"2026092909080879500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.03.090","article-title":"QMRA of adenovirus\nin drinking water\nat a drinking water treatment plant using UV and chlorine dioxide\ndisinfection","volume":"158","author":"Schijven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092909080879500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.01.025","article-title":"Exposure assessment for swimmers\nin bathing waters and swimming pools","volume":"45","author":"Schets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"key":"2026092909080879500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9780","DOI":"10.1021\/es5020407","article-title":"Screening-Level Microbial Risk Assessment of Urban\nWater Locations: A Tool for Prioritization","volume":"48","author":"Sales-Ortells","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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