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To synthesize the current evidence on aged-MP ecotoxicity, we conducted a meta-analysis of 54 studies comprising 1400 observations across animals, microalgae, and plants. Compared with pristine MPs, aged MPs were generally associated with reduced locomotion and neurological performance in aquatic and terrestrial animals, suppressed microalgal growth, and apparent stimulation of some plant growth-related end points. These divergent responses were associated with aging-related descriptors, particularly the carbonyl index (CI) and fouling index (FI), although their relevance varied across taxa, end points, polymers, and exposure contexts. The CI was negatively associated with animal locomotor responses, while the FI was more closely related to physiology-related responses in the primary producers. Targeted validation experiments using polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) further showed that an increased CI was accompanied by reduced zebrafish locomotion and elevated ROS levels, whereas FI-associated algal responses were accompanied by oxidative stress. Overall, the CI and FI can help compare aged-MP effects across studies and support more generalized and more realistic assessments of aged-MP ecotoxicity. However, these descriptors remain simplified indicators and cannot fully capture the complexity of actual environmental systems, including mixed aging processes, leachate chemistry, multistressor exposure, and matrix-specific interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c10050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T07:51:55Z","timestamp":1787385115000},"page":"23911-23922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbonyl\nand Fouling\nIndices as Screening Descriptors\nfor Ecotoxicological Responses to Aged Microplastics"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Simin","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoran","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7669-822X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4762-6639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6510","key":"2026090307140064900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3656","article-title":"Predicted growth in\nplastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic\npollution","volume":"369","author":"Borrelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8028","key":"2026090307140064900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07758-6","article-title":"A local-to-global\nemissions inventory\nof macroplastic pollution","volume":"633","author":"Cottom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6720","key":"2026090307140064900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2746","article-title":"Twenty years of microplastics pollution research\u2500what\nhave we learned?","volume":"386","author":"C Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090307140064900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2021.10.025","article-title":"The aging behaviors\nand release of microplastics: A review","volume":"108","author":"Zha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gondwana\nRes."},{"key":"2026090307140064900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemos-phere.2023.137744","article-title":"Laboratory simulated\naging methods, mechanisms and characteristic changes of microplastics:\nA review","volume":"315","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"51","key":"2026090307140064900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22502","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c09107","article-title":"A Critical\nReview of an Environmental Risk Substance Induced by Aging Microplastics:\nInsights into Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals","volume":"58","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. 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Pollut."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090307140064900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4268","article-title":"Microplastics\nin the aquatic environment: Evidence\nfor or against adverse impacts and major knowledge gaps","volume":"37","author":"Burns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2026090307140064900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126084","article-title":"Micro\/nanoplastics\neffects on organisms: A review focusing on \u2018dose","volume":"417","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026090307140064900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134054","article-title":"Neurotoxicities\ninduced by micro\/nanoplastics: A review focusing on the risks of neurological\ndiseases","volume":"469","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307140064900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02253-4","article-title":"Mitochondria\nin oxidative stress,\ninflammation and aging: from mechanisms to therapeutic advances","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090307140064900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112852119","article-title":"Mitochondrial\ndysfunction and oxidative\nstress contribute to cognitive and motor impairment in FOXP1 syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090307140064900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165200","article-title":"Mitigation of\noxidative stress damage caused by abiotic stress to improve biomass\nyield of microalgae: A review","volume":"896","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307140064900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07878","article-title":"Photoaged\nTire Wear Particles Leading to the Oxidative Damage on\nEarthworms (Eisenia fetida) by Disrupting the Antioxidant Defense\nSystem: The Definitive Role of Environmental Free Radicals","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090307140064900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01339","article-title":"Microplastics Can Change Soil Properties and Affect\nPlant Performance","volume":"53","author":"de Souza Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Earth Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090307140064900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15989","article-title":"Microalgae\ncolonization of different microplastic polymers in experimental mesocosms\nacross an environmental gradient","volume":"28","author":"Nava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Change\nBiol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090307140064900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02400","article-title":"Effects of Leachates\nfrom UV-Weathered Microplastic in Cell-Based Bioassays","volume":"53","author":"Rummel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307140064900_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00119","article-title":"Identification of Chain\nScission Products Released to Water by Plastic Exposed to Ultraviolet\nLight","volume":"5","author":"Gewert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026090307140064900_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23673","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c09999","article-title":"Insights into the Photoaging Behavior of Microplastics:\nEnvironmental Fate and Ecological Risk","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307140064900_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132990","article-title":"Environmentally persistent\nfree radicals on photoaged microplastics from disposable plastic cups\ninduce the oxidative stress-associated toxicity","volume":"464","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c10050","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/34\/23911\/66979505\/acs.est.6c10050.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/34\/23911\/66979505\/acs.est.6c10050.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T11:14:09Z","timestamp":1788434049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/34\/23911\/5285006\/Carbonyl-and-Fouling-Indices-as-Screening"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c10050","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}