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The transition to LED lighting makes this issue increasingly relevant. Amphibians may be vulnerable because many species rely on natural light cycles and undergo habitat transitions during development. We tested direct and carryover effects of ecologically realistic LED light in crested newts (Triturus macedonicus, T. ivanbureschi) and reciprocal hybrids. Larvae were exposed to warm (2700 K) or cool (6500 K) light at 5 or 30 lx. We quantified oxidative status, development, and growth; carryover was assessed only in T. ivanbureschi after 5 lx larval exposure. ALAN altered oxidative physiology and life-history traits, with responses depending on spectrum, illuminance, and cross group. Warm light at 30 lx reduced catalase activity and glutathione and increased protein carbonyls, whereas cool light at 30 lx most strongly delayed development and reduced growth. In juvenile T. ivanbureschi, carryover responses were clearest after cool 5 lx exposure. Observed cross-group patterns were exploratory because cross type was confounded with family composition and breeding mesocosm. These findings identify LED-based ALAN as a multidimensional stressor and challenge spectrum-only mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c10097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:02:44Z","timestamp":1789628564000},"page":"27048-27062","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LED\nLight at Night Alters Amphibian Redox Physiology\nand Development across Ontogeny"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3555-3580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marko D.","family":"Prokic\u0301","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["Belgrade, Serbia, 11108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena P.","family":"Gavric\u0301-C\u030campar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["Belgrade, Serbia, 11108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branka R.","family":"Gavrilovic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["Belgrade, Serbia, 11108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana G.","family":"Despotovic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["Belgrade, Serbia, 11108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tijana B.","family":"Radovanovic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["Belgrade, Serbia, 11108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Drobanjakovic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["11108, Serbia, Belgrade"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Ajdukovic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["11108, Serbia, Belgrade"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tijana","family":"Vuc\u030cic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Studentski trg 16 , ,","place":["Belgrade, Serbia, 11158"]},{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Darwinweg 2 , ,","place":["CR Leiden, The Netherlands, 2333"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara G.","family":"Petrovic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade , , Bulevar despota Stefana 142 , ,","place":["Belgrade, Serbia, 11108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2018.04.018","article-title":"Worldwide increase\nin artificial light at night around protected areas and within biodiversity\nhotspots","volume":"223","author":"Guette\u0301","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"issue":"6629","key":"2026092909080226100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf4952","article-title":"Light pollution\nis skyrocketing","volume":"379","author":"Falchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6629","key":"2026092909080226100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq7781","article-title":"Citizen scientists\nreport global rapid reductions in the visibility of stars from 2011\nto 2022","volume":"379","author":"Kyba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909080226100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0015","article-title":"Light at\nnight, clocks and health:\nfrom humans to wild organisms","volume":"12","author":"Dominoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"issue":"1667","key":"2026092909080226100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0133","article-title":"The biological impacts of artificial\nlight at night: the research challenge","volume":"370","author":"Gaston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos.\nTrans. R. Soc., B"},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-112420-014438","article-title":"Environmental\nimpacts of artificial\nlight at night","volume":"47","author":"Gaston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092909080226100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-023-03381-z","article-title":"Impact of light pollution\non aquatic invertebrates:\nbehavioral responses and ecological consequences","volume":"77","author":"Ganguly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909080226100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70645","article-title":"Fatal attraction:\nlight pollution creates an ecological trap for wild fish","volume":"32","author":"Schligler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"issue":"1892","key":"2026092909080226100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0355","article-title":"Mitigating\nthe impacts of street lighting on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning","volume":"378","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. 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Ecol."},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit26","first-page":"192","article-title":"Observed and\npotential effects of artificial night lighting on anuran amphibians","volume-title":"Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting","author":"Buchanan","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit27","first-page":"221","article-title":"Influence\nof artificial\nillumination on the nocturnal behavior and physiology of salamanders","volume-title":"Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting","author":"Wise","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909080226100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2832","article-title":"Global artificial light\nmasks biologically important light cycles of animals","volume":"23","author":"Seymoure","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. 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Biol."},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-65183-0_4","article-title":"Diversity\nin oxidative status: roles of stress response, metabolism, rhythmicity,\nand (epi)genetics","volume-title":"The Role of Organismal\nOxidative Stress in the Ecology and Life-History Evolution of Animals","author":"Costantini","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2025.111819","article-title":"Developing under artificial light is not so bright:\noxidative stress as a physiological response to light pollution across\namphibian life stages","volume":"302","author":"Petrovic\u0301","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol.,\nPart A"},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2020.113508","article-title":"Exposure to artificial light at night\nduring the larval stage has delayed effects on juvenile corticosterone\nconcentration in American toads, Anaxyrus americanus","volume":"295","author":"Cope","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endrocrinol."},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.783288","article-title":"Carry-over\neffects of desiccation stress on the oxidative status of fasting anuran\njuveniles","volume":"12","author":"Prokic\u0301","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092909080226100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5991","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115991","article-title":"Ecological\nimpact of artificial light at night: effective\nstrategies and measures to deal with protected species and habitats","volume":"13","author":"Ja\u0308gerbrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909080226100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12358","article-title":"The modality of nine Triturus newt\nhybrid zones assessed with nuclear, mitochondrial and morphological\ndata","volume":"113","author":"Arntzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"issue":"1868","key":"2026092909080226100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2014","article-title":"A signature of dynamic\nbiogeography: enclaves indicate past species replacement","volume":"284","author":"Wielstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R. 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Genes Evol."},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit45","first-page":"26","article-title":"Influences\nof microhabitat and light level on great crested newt Triturus cristatus\ncapture in bottle-traps","volume":"122","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herpetol. Bull."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092909080226100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186808","article-title":"Variability\nof surface and underwater nocturnal spectral\nirradiance with the presence of clouds in urban and peri-urban wetlands","volume":"12","author":"Secondi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113883","article-title":"Artificial\nlight at night alters the sexual behaviour and fertilisation success\nof the common toad","volume":"259","author":"Touzot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.05.016","article-title":"The effect\nof intensified illuminance and artificial light at night on fitness\nand susceptibility to abiotic and biotic stressors","volume":"251","author":"May","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026092909080226100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2024.109859","article-title":"Does the\nanesthetic tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)\ndistort oxidative status parameters in tadpoles?","volume":"278","author":"Gavrilovic\u0301","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. 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