{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:55:04Z","timestamp":1791910504844,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/X013901\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/X013901\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurate simulation of atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) remains limited because large-scale models cannot resolve aerosol processes at fine spatial scales, while detailed microphysics models assume spatially homogeneous conditions. Here we use a high-resolution three-dimensional multiphysics framework (3D-ICAM) to quantify how environmental heterogeneity governs NPF dynamics at meter scales. Simulations at 10 m resolution across contrasting emission geometries reveal that spatial gradients in wind and precursor vapor convergence substantially modify local nucleation intensity, particle growth rates, and size-distribution structure. Under weak-wind conditions (&amp;lt;1 m s\u20131) the model reproduces nucleation \u201chotspots\u201d, intermittent multiepisode nucleation, and persistently bimodal size distributions absent under homogeneous conditions. Comparison with an equivalent box (0D) model isolates the effect of spatial structure: resolving it raises predicted growth rates at the survival-limiting sub-3 nm sizes by up to \u223c20\u00d7 and brings modeled growth within the range of field observations, whereas the box model underpredicts across the size spectrum. This occurs because localized, transport-generated microenvironments relax the growth\u2013scavenging competition that governs particle survival. Meter-scale environmental structure therefore strongly influences urban NPF and must be considered when interpreting observations, constraining nucleation mechanisms, and predicting particle number and cloud condensation nuclei budgets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c10206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:01:50Z","timestamp":1786960910000},"page":"28994-29005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Microscale Flow\nand Vapor Transport Shape New\nParticle Formation and Growth"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3179-6844","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kunal","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds , , ,","place":["Leeds, U.K., LS2 9JT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-2239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gargi","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , White City Campus, Wood Lane , ,","place":["London, U.K., W12 0BZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-6038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suneeti","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences , ,","place":["Villigen, Switzerland, 5232"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001756","article-title":"Nucleation\nand Growth of Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8739","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026844","article-title":"Causes and importance\nof new particle formation in the present-day and preindustrial atmospheres","volume":"122","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07547-1","article-title":"Global variability in\natmospheric new particle formation mechanisms","volume":"631","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4741","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08348","article-title":"Estimates\nof Future New Particle Formation under Different Emission Scenarios\nin Beijing","volume":"57","author":"Brean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-1293-2022","article-title":"New particle formation event detection\nwith Mask R-CNN","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01138-x","article-title":"Rapid night-time nanoparticle\ngrowth in Delhi driven by biomass-burning emissions","volume":"16","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029356","article-title":"New Particle Formation\nin the Atmosphere: From Molecular Clusters to Global Climate","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4839","article-title":"Atmospheric new particle\nformation from sulfuric acid and amines in a Chinese megacity","volume":"361","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-2457-2021","article-title":"Sulfuric acid\u2013amine nucleation in urban\nBeijing","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18551-0","article-title":"Frequent new particle formation over\nthe high Arctic pack ice by enhanced iodine emissions","volume":"11","author":"Baccarini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5456","article-title":"New particle formation\nin the free troposphere: A question of chemistry and timing","volume":"352","author":"Bianchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-04079-1","article-title":"Atmospheric new particle\nformation identifier using longitudinal global particle number size\ndistribution data","volume":"11","author":"Kecorius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-025-01149-y","article-title":"Types of regional\nand localised new aerosol particle formation and growth processes:\nAtmospheric Banana Atlas","volume":"8","author":"Salma","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4513","DOI":"10.1029\/2019MS001739","article-title":"UKESM1:\nDescription\nand Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model","volume":"11","author":"Sellar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6383","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-13-6383-2020","article-title":"Description and evaluation\nof aerosol in UKESM1 and HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP6 historical simulations","volume":"13","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-14-675-2021","article-title":"PyCHAM (v2.1.1):\na Python box model\nfor simulating aerosol chambers","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Meara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosci. Model\nDev."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1311988","article-title":"Simulating aerosol chamber experiments with the particle-resolved\naerosol model PartMC","volume":"51","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v68.29706","article-title":"Coupling an aerosol\nbox model with one-dimensional flow: a tool for understanding observations\nof new particle formation events","volume":"68","author":"Kiveka\u0308s","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2019.1688758","article-title":"Particle formation\nfrom vapors emitted from glowing\nwires: Theory and experiments","volume":"54","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.12.013","article-title":"Submicron particle\ndynamics for different surfaces under quiescent and turbulent conditions","volume":"152","author":"Vohra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"AAC 5\u20131","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002140","article-title":"Model studies\non ion-induced nucleation in the atmosphere","volume":"107","author":"Laakso","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2016.11.019","article-title":"Modeling studies on coagulation of charged particles and comparison\nwith experiments","volume":"105","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.09.018","article-title":"Modeling\nreactive pollutant dispersion\nin an urban street canyon","volume":"41","author":"Baik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2021.1922598","article-title":"An indicator\nfor sulfuric acid\u2013amine nucleation in atmospheric environments","volume":"55","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8","volume-title":"An Introduction to\nBoundary Layer Meteorology","author":"Stull","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-5499-2021","article-title":"Formation of nighttime sulfuric acid from the\nozonolysis of alkenes in Beijing","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem.\nPhys."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat9744","article-title":"Ion-induced sulfuric acid\u2013ammonia nucleation\ndrives particle formation in coastal Antarctica","volume":"4","author":"Jokinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9853","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-9853-2023","article-title":"New particle formation\nin the tropical free troposphere during CAMP2Ex: statistics\nand impact of emission sources, convective activity, and synoptic\nconditions","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8","volume-title":"An Introduction to\nBoundary Layer Meteorology","author":"Stull","year":"1988","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FD00257A","article-title":"Atmospheric gas-to-particle conversion:\nwhy NPF events are observed\nin megacities?","volume":"200","author":"Kulmala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"2026101310173577900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.95.045002","article-title":"Atmospheric\nnanoparticle growth","volume":"95","author":"Stolzenburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c10206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28994\/66609100\/acs.est.6c10206.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/60\/40\/28994\/66609100\/acs.est.6c10206.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:32:50Z","timestamp":1791909170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/60\/40\/28994\/5259589\/How-Microscale-Flow-and-Vapor-Transport-Shape-New"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.6c10206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}