{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:05:14Z","timestamp":1789488314700,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011382","name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025DX20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025DX20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Chunyan Innovation Team Program","award":["CYCX24022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYCX24022"]}]},{"name":"Project of National Engineering Research Center for Safe Sludge Disposal and Resource Recovery","award":["2024A011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A011"]}]},{"name":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Bioenergy Development and Utilization","award":["K2025A008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2025A008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e\u2013 ORR) represents an attractive strategy for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrosynthesis, which has stimulated growing interest in decentralized water treatment. Conventionally, ubiquitous Ca2+ in natural water induces electrochemical scaling, which has been widely regarded as the predominant factor suppressing the 2e\u2013 ORR. However, this study reveals unprecedented protective effects of calcium scale on the 2e\u2013 ORR, challenging previous perspectives. Calcium scales as alkaline barriers reduce proton availability and prevent parasitic reduction of in situ generated H2O2, thereby enhancing 2e\u2013 ORR selectivity. In contrast, theoretical and experimental results prove that accumulated Ca2+ at the electrolyte\u2013cathode interface promotes the reduction of H2O2 by enhancing water dissociation, serving as the main contributor to deterioration in H2O2 electroproduction. The carbon catalysts with a lower oxygen content exhibit superior Ca2+ tolerance. Furthermore, CaCO3 modification strategies are proposed to achieve a remarkable 2- to 6-fold improvement in the H2O2 yield. Testing with natural water confirms the excellent H2O2 electroproduction performance of CaCO3-coated cathodes over a 10-cycle period. These findings offer a novel perspective for understanding the effects of Ca2+ and calcium scale on H2O2 electrosynthesis with potential implications extending to other proton-coupled electrochemical systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c10325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:17:44Z","timestamp":1788319064000},"page":"25909-25922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrogen Peroxide\nElectrosynthesis in Natural Water:\nDual Role of Calcium Scaling in Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2357-9171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]},{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]},{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0033-971X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4955-2193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]},{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]},{"name":"Harbin Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Harbin, China, 150090"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"41","key":"2026091511111178700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15693","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c02877","article-title":"Boron Bifunctional Catalysts for\nRapid Degradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in a Metal-Free\nElectro-Fenton Process: O2 and H2O2 Activation Process","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091511111178700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00344-0","article-title":"Synergetic Physical Damage and Chemical Oxidation for\nHighly Efficient and Residue-Free Water Disinfection","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511111178700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202419049","article-title":"A Chlorine-Resistant\nSelf-Doped Nanocarbon Catalyst\nfor Boosting Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis in Seawater","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. 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