{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:43:03Z","timestamp":1792784583183,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515012857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515012857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52388101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52388101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52570030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52570030"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biofouling is a persistent challenge in reverse osmosis (RO) desalination and water reuse because it accelerates flux decline, increases energy consumption, and drives chemical cleaning requirements. Developing durable antibiofouling interfaces is therefore critical for improving the sustainability of membrane-based water treatment. Here, we show that covalent installation of quaternary phosphonium functionality on polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes provides a promising route to enhanced biofouling resistance while largely preserving desalination performance. Using a mild surface-grafting strategy, we immobilized quaternary phosphonium salts (QPS) on RO membrane surfaces and directly compared their behavior with that of structurally analogous quaternary ammonium salts (QAS). Surface analyses confirmed successful functionalization while preserving the characteristic morphology of the polyamide selective layer. Under optimized conditions, the QPS-modified membrane maintained NaCl rejection of \u223c99% with only a limited permeance penalty. More importantly, QPS outperformed QAS in suppressing Escherichia coli, achieving 72.6% antibacterial efficiency versus 51.2%, and reduced surface-associated biomass more effectively under static conditions. In 24 h cross-flow filtration, the QPS-modified membrane retained \u223c95\u201397% of its initial flux, compared with \u223c66\u201368% for the pristine membrane. Comparative transcriptomic profiling revealed distinct bacterial response states on QPS- and QAS-functionalized membranes, with QPS eliciting a stress-responsive, membrane-adaptive program and QAS promoting a low-activity, translation-repressed state. These results identify phosphonium-based interfaces as an effective design strategy for reducing RO biofouling and advancing more energy-efficient, chemically resilient water treatment systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c10545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:02:10Z","timestamp":1788512530000},"page":"26870-26882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quaternary Phosphonium\nSalt Functionalization of Polyamide\nReverse Osmosis Membranes: Effects on Separation Performance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8149-4580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong University of Technology , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210103617800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44947-3","article-title":"A triple increase in global river basins with water\nscarcity due to future pollution","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210103617800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-022-00183-0","article-title":"Reverse osmosis\nmembrane biofouling:\ncauses, consequences and countermeasures","volume":"5","author":"Hoek","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj\nClean Water"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092210103617800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.020063","article-title":"Biofilms:\nMicrobial Life on Surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210103617800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.02.024","article-title":"Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Role of biofilm-enhanced\nosmotic pressure","volume":"295","author":"Herzberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133579","article-title":"Effects of chlorine disinfection\non the membrane fouling potential of bacterial strains isolated from\nfouled reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"693","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116976","article-title":"Separation,\nanti-fouling, and chlorine resistance of the polyamide reverse osmosis\nmembrane: From mechanisms to mitigation strategies","volume":"195","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watcyc.2025.03.005","article-title":"Model bacteria\nfor\nbiofouling research of reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Cycle"},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.170491","article-title":"Ultra-selective reverse\nosmosis membranes with enhanced broad-spectrum antifouling performance\nboosted by synergistic charge-hydrophilicity","volume":"525","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092210103617800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11110832","article-title":"Surface design\nof liquid\nseparation membrane through graft polymerization: A state of the art\nreview","volume":"11","author":"Suresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2016.05.013","article-title":"Surface\nmodification of polyamide\nRO membrane for improved fouling resistance","volume":"394","author":"Jee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026092210103617800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.08.022","article-title":"Surface hydration:\nPrinciples and\napplications toward low-fouling\/nonfouling biomaterials","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117614","article-title":"Advances and\nchallenges in tailoring antibacterial polyamide thin film composite\nmembranes for water treatment and desalination: A critical review","volume":"581","author":"Seyedpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092210103617800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progsurf.2016.09.001","article-title":"Antibacterial surface design \u2013\ncontact kill","volume":"91","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2024.108214","article-title":"Contact-killing antibacterial\nmechanisms of polycationic\ncoatings: A review","volume":"188","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.09.060","article-title":"Immobilization\nof silver nanoparticle-decorated silica particles on polyamide thin\nfilm composite membranes for antibacterial properties","volume":"499","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210103617800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16023626","article-title":"Antimicrobial polymeric materials\nwith quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2025.124798","article-title":"Uncovering\nthe mystery of surface coating on the diverse antifouling properties\nof reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"738","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210103617800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5c00203","article-title":"Phosphonium\nCationic Borneol Stereochemical Membrane Breaking Arrow: High Antibacterial\nand Antibiofilm Activity","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.01.023","article-title":"A novel sulfonated reverse osmosis\nmembrane for seawater desalination: Experimental and molecular dynamics\nstudies","volume":"550","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210103617800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49266-1","article-title":"Piezoceramic membrane\nwith built-in ultrasound for reactive oxygen species generation and\nsynergistic vibration anti-fouling","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210103617800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c06320","article-title":"Synthesis of Silver\nNanoparticle-Immobilized Antibacterial Anion-Exchange Membranes for\nSalinity Gradient Energy Production by Reverse Electrodialysis","volume":"12","author":"Eti","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092210103617800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c00676","article-title":"Engineering Polymer Forest on Membranes:\nTuning Density,\nThickness, and Architecture for Biofouling Control","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.04.052","article-title":"Biofouling\nin reverse\nosmosis processes: The roles of flux, crossflow velocity and concentration\npolarization in biofilm development","volume":"467","author":"Suwarno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr.\nSci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092210103617800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.09.011","article-title":"The effect of imposed flux on biofouling\nin reverse osmosis: Role of concentration polarisation and biofilm\nenhanced osmotic pressure phenomena","volume":"325","author":"Chong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr.\nSci."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1477683","article-title":"Use of\ntranscriptomics and genomics to assess the effect of disinfectant\nexposure on the survival and resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a human pathogen","volume":"15","author":"Kirchner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026092210103617800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202521553","article-title":"Cascade Therapy\nof Periodontitis via Sequential Release of Ribosome-Targeting Antimicrobial\nPeptide and Irisin From a Multifunctional MOF-Based System","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210103617800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4020(68)89021-0","article-title":"Spectroscopic\nstudies of organophosphorus compounds\u2500II: Infrared and ultraviolet\nspectra of phosphonium compounds and their structures","volume":"24","author":"Beg","year":"1968","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2023.126044","article-title":"Multi-dimensional application of quaternary phosphonium salt functionalized\nfiber with high polarization performance: Efficient adsorption of\nSDBS and green conversion of CO2","volume":"280","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001383","article-title":"Phosphonium\nModification Leads to Ultrapermeable Antibacterial Polyamide Composite\nMembranes with Unreduced Thickness","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2021.101451","article-title":"Polyamide desalination membranes:\nFormation, structure,\nand properties","volume":"122","author":"Freger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092210103617800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1039\/b901979k","article-title":"Thiol-click\nchemistry: a multifaceted\ntoolbox for small molecule and polymer synthesis","volume":"39","author":"Hoyle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092210103617800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07844","article-title":"Facile Surface\nModification of Polyamide\nMembranes Using UV-Photooxidation Improves Permeability and Reduces\nNatural Organic Matter Fouling","volume":"55","author":"Rho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092210103617800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10953-008-9291-1","article-title":"Tetraalkylammonium\nIons in Aqueous and Non-aqueous Solutions","volume":"37","author":"Marcus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\nSolution Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210103617800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42906-3","article-title":"Propidium\niodide staining underestimates\nviability of adherent bacterial cells","volume":"9","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026092210103617800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6111","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB01464J","article-title":"Antibacterial\nsurfaces based on poly(cationic liquid) brushes: switchability between\nkilling and releasing via anion counterion switching","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119723","article-title":"Roles of initial bacterial attachment\nand growth in the biofouling development on the microfiltration membrane:\nFrom viewpoints of individual cell and interfacial interaction energy","volume":"638","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092210103617800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1021\/es900087j","article-title":"Role of Extracellular\nPolymeric Substances\n(EPS) in Biofouling of Reverse Osmosis Membranes","volume":"43","author":"Herzberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092210103617800_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.07.029","article-title":"Effect of\nshear stress and growth conditions on detachment and physical properties\nof biofilms","volume":"46","author":"Paul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092210103617800_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44129-z","article-title":"Polyethylene\nglycol-grafted graphene\noxide nanosheets in tailoring the structure and reverse osmosis performance\nof thin film composite membrane","volume":"13","author":"Sanei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"65","key":"2026092210103617800_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40705","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA06486A","article-title":"High-flux polyamide\nreverse osmosis membranes by surface grafting\n4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine","volume":"7","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2018.00048","article-title":"The Mechanisms of\nAction of Ribosome-Targeting Peptide Antibiotics","volume":"5","author":"Polikanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"2026092210103617800_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.659058","article-title":"Phenotypic and Multi-Omics\nCharacterization of Escherichia coli K-12 Adapted to Chlorhexidine Identifies the Role of MlaA and Other\nCell Envelope Alterations Regulated by Stress Inducible Pathways in\nCHX Resistance","volume":"8","author":"Gregorchuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. 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