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This study investigated its performance and soil-mediated regulation in a soil-water mixed system (SWMS) using two natural soils. The results show that soil addition markedly enhanced the reactivity of S-mZVIbm. Compared with the aqueous system, the degradation rate constant of TCE (kTCE) exhibited a 6.0\u20138.4-fold increase at a soil-to-water ratio (S\/W) of 0.5 to 2.0, while H2 production concurrently increased 210%\u2013450%. This activation was accompanied by a decrease in apparent electron efficiency from 74.3% in water to 15.9%\u201327.6% in SWMS. S-mZVIbm retained higher reactivity in SWMS than in water across pH 6\u201310, with a maximum kTCE of 0.26 h\u20131 at pH 8.0. SEM, XPS, and component-specific experiments indicated that soil-mediated surface restructuring and Fe(II) redistribution-induced depassivation increased the accessibility of Fe0-rich domains, whereas organic matter and Ca\/Mg-bearing phases imposed inhibitory effects. Sulfidation suppressed H2 evolution and reduced soil-specific variability under multicontaminant conditions involving TCE, carbon tetrachloride, nitrobenzene, and perchloroethylene. These results identify soil as an active regulator of Fe0 accessibility and electron allocation rather than a passive reaction medium, providing a mechanistic basis for site-specific S-mZVIbm remediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6c13776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:02:13Z","timestamp":1791482533000},"page":"29689-29699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling\nthe Role of the Soil Matrix in Trichloroethylene\nDegradation by Ball-Milled Sulfidated Microscale Zero-Valent Iron"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuansen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]},{"name":"China University of Geosciences , , 68 Jincheng Street , , ,","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430078"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengli","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University , , ,","place":["Wuxi, China, 214122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yancheng Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Yancheng, China, 224051"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-4511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University , , ,","place":["Wuxi, China, 214122"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102007531404000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.12.062","article-title":"The use of zero-valent iron for groundwater\nremediation and wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"267","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102007531404000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1021\/es902737t","article-title":"Ten Year Performance\nEvaluation of a Field-Scale Zero-Valent\nIron Permeable Reactive Barrier Installed to Remediate Trichloroethene\nContaminated Groundwater","volume":"44","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102007531404000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1021\/es950053u","article-title":"Dechlorination of\ntrichloroethene in aqueous solution\nusing Fe-O","volume":"30","author":"Orth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102007531404000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1021\/es990884q","article-title":"Pathways and kinetics\nof chlorinated ethylene and chlorinated\nacetylene reaction with Fe(O). particles","volume":"34","author":"Arnold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102007531404000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1021\/es990716y","article-title":"Investigation of the\nlong-term performance of zero-valent iron for reductive dechlorination\nof trichloroethylene","volume":"34","author":"Farrell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007531404000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.034","article-title":"The limitations\nof applying zero-valent\niron technology in contaminants sequestration and the corresponding\ncountermeasures: The development in zero-valent iron technology in\nthe last two decades (1994\u20132014)","volume":"75","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026102007531404000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13887","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04436","article-title":"Modeling\nthe Kinetics of Hydrogen Formation by Zerovalent Iron: Effects of\nSulfidation on Micro- and Nano-Scale Particles","volume":"52","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102007531404000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.05.019","article-title":"An overview\nof preparation and applications of stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles\nfor soil and groundwater remediation","volume":"100","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026102007531404000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9802","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c01679","article-title":"Mechanochemical Molten-Salt-Assisted\nSurface Nitridation Promotes Electron Transfer Dechlorination of Zerovalent\nIron","volume":"59","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"2026102007531404000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117402","article-title":"Field-scale investigation of nanoscale\nzero-valent iron (NZVI). injection parameters for enhanced delivery\nof NZVI particles to groundwater","volume":"202","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102007531404000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.12.041","article-title":"Field assessment\nof carboxymethyl\ncellulose stabilized iron nanoparticles for in situ destruction of\nchlorinated solvents in source zones","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2026102007531404000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2010.05.006","article-title":"In situ testing of\nmetallic iron nanoparticle mobility and reactivity in a shallow granular\naquifer","volume":"116","author":"Bennett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026102007531404000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.05.031","article-title":"The influences of\niron characteristics, operating conditions and solution chemistry\non contaminants removal by zero-valent iron: A review","volume":"100","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026102007531404000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140220","article-title":"Dual role\nof soil in dechlorination of soil-sorbed trichloroethene by CMC stabilized\nand sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron","volume":"454","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026102007531404000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124414","article-title":"Enhanced Cr(VI)\nremoval of zero-valent iron with high proton conductive FeC2O4\u00b72H2O\nshell","volume":"389","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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