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Therefore, using clonal (i.e., genetically identical) cultures of Daphnia pulex, we isolated the contributions of acclimation to the regulation of the metal response gene, metallothionein 1 (MT1), and defined the reproductive benefits and costs of cadmium (Cd)-acclimation. Daphnia pulex were exposed for 50 parthenogenetic generations to environmentally realistic levels (1 \u03bcg Cd\/L), and tolerance to Cd and other metals assessed during this period via standard toxicity tests. These tests revealed (1) increased tolerance to Cd compared to genetically identical nonacclimated cultures, (2) fitness costs in Cd-acclimated Daphnia when Cd was removed, and (3) cross-tolerance of Cd-acclimated Daphnia to zinc and silver, but not arsenic, thereby defining a functional role for metallothionein. Indeed, Cd-acclimated clones had significantly higher expression of MT1 mRNA than nonacclimated clones, when Cd exposed. Both the enhanced induction of MT1 and tolerant phenotype were rapidly lost when Cd was removed (1\u20132 generations), which is further evidence of acclimation costs. These findings provide evidence for the widely held view that acclimation is costly and are important for investigating evolutionary principles of genetic assimilation and the survival mechanisms of natural populations that face changing environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T14:17:01Z","timestamp":1574086621000},"page":"14670-14678","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Dynamics of Cadmium\nAcclimation in\n                    <i>Daphnia pulex<\/i>\n                    : Linking Fitness Costs, Cross-Tolerance, and Hyper-Induction\nof Metallothionein"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-9211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University , , , ,","place":["Bloomington, Indiana, United States, 47405"]},{"name":"Dartmouth College , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]},{"name":"Dartmouth Medical School , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Colbourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham , , ,","place":["Birmingham, U.K., B15 2TT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Glaholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University , , , ,","place":["Bloomington, Indiana, United States, 47405"]},{"name":"Dartmouth College , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University , , , ,","place":["Bloomington, Indiana, United States, 47405"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol L.","family":"Folt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]},{"name":"Dartmouth Medical School , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]},{"name":"University of Southern California , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90089"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]},{"name":"Dartmouth Medical School , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090118151951600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2010.01552.x","article-title":"Interacting effects of phenotypic\nplasticity and evolution on population persistence in a changing climate","volume":"25","author":"Reed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conserv Biol."},{"key":"2026090118151951600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2018.01.004","article-title":"The role of ancestral\nphenotypic plasticity in evolutionary\ndiversification: population density effects in horned beetles","volume":"137","author":"Casasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090118151951600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2015.8","article-title":"Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic\nplasticity: limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity","volume":"115","author":"Murren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090118151951600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu241","article-title":"Natural selection canalizes expression variation of\nenvironmentally induced plasticity-enabling genes","volume":"31","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. 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Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090118151951600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1139\/f96-066","article-title":"Demographic\nand genetic evidence of the long-term recovery of Daphnia galeata\nmendotae (Crustacea: Daphniidae) in Sudbury lakes following additions\nof base: The role of metal toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Yan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J.\nFish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090118151951600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1139\/f87-292","article-title":"Effects of low concentrations\nof cadmium on the crustacean\nzooplankton community of an artificially acidified lake","volume":"44","author":"Lawrence","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090118151951600_cit37","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Methods for measuring the acute toxicity\nof effluents and\nreceiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms","author":"U.S.E.P.A.","year":"2002","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090118151951600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1897\/05-243R.1","article-title":"Comparative\ntoxicity of cadmium, zinc, and mixtures of cadmium and zinc to daphnids","volume":"25","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2026090118151951600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1897\/06-389R.1","article-title":"Acute toxicity of arsenic to Daphnia\npulex: Influence\nof organic functional groups and oxidation state","volume":"26","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. 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