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Dupont Canada Co.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["492441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["492441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"DuPont Corporate Remediation Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["501935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501935"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool in contaminant remediation studies. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are ozone-depleting substances previously thought to be persistent in groundwater under most geochemical conditions but more recently have been found to (bio)transform in some laboratory experiments. To date, limited applications of CSIA to CFCs have been undertaken. Here, biotransformation-associated carbon isotope enrichment factors, \u03b5C,bulk for CFC-113 (\u03b5C,bulk = \u22128.5 \u00b1 0.4\u2030) and CFC-11 (\u03b5C,bulk = \u221214.5 \u00b1 1.9\u2030), were determined. \u03b413C signatures of pure-phase CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons were measured to establish source signatures. These findings were applied to investigate potential in situ CFC transformation in groundwater at a field site, where carbon isotope fractionation of CFC-11 suggests naturally occurring biotransformation by indigenous microorganisms. The maximum extent of CFC-11 transformation is estimated to be up to 86% by an approximate calculation using the Rayleigh concept. CFC-113 \u03b413C values in contrast were not resolvably different from pure-phase sources measured to date, demonstrating that CSIA can aid in identifying which compounds may, or may not, be undergoing reactive processes at field sites. Science and public attention remains focused on CFCs, as unexplained source inputs to the atmosphere have been recently reported, and the potential for CFC biotransformation in surface and groundwaters remains unclear. This study proposes \u03b413C CSIA as a novel application to study the fate of CFCs in groundwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b05746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T10:45:32Z","timestamp":1575283532000},"page":"870-878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Transformation\nof Chlorofluorocarbons Investigated\nvia Stable Carbon Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-5480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetyana","family":"Gilevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3475-2425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Axel","family":"Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Seger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chemours Company , , ,","place":["Wilmington, Delaware, United States, 19899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chemours Company , , ,","place":["Wilmington, Delaware, United States, 19899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Norcross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AECOM , , ,","place":["Deepwater, New Jersey, United States, 08023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AECOM , , ,","place":["Deepwater, New Jersey, United States, 08023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AECOM , , ,","place":["Deepwater, New Jersey, United States, 08023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Erin","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company , , , ,","place":["Wilmington, Delaware, United States, 19805"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Dworatzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SiREM , , ,","place":["Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 3Z2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SiREM , , ,","place":["Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 3Z2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-7095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara Sherwood","family":"Lollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto , , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B1"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380390814433","article-title":"Worldwide Occurrence\nand Fate of Chlorofluorocarbons in Groundwater","volume":"33","author":"Ho\u0308hener","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/249810a0","article-title":"Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes:\nchlorine\natom-catalysed destruction of ozone","volume":"249","author":"Molina","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/rg013i001p00001","article-title":"Chlorofluoromethanes in the Environment","volume":"13","author":"Rowland","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit4","unstructured":"Carpenter, L. J.; Reiman, S.; Burkholder, J. B.; Clerbaux, C.; Hall, B. D.; Hossaini, R.; Laube, J. C.; Yvon-Lewis, S. A.\n          Update on Ozone-Depleting\nSubstances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol: Geneva, 2014."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit5","volume-title":"The Montreal Protocol\non Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer","author":"United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0106-2","article-title":"An Unexpected and\nPersistent Increase in Global Emissions of Ozone-Depleting CFC-11","volume":"557","author":"Montzka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2018.02.017","article-title":"Use and\nApplication of CFC-11, CFC-12,\nCFC-113 and SF 6 as Environmental Tracers of Groundwater Residence\nTime\u202f: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1021\/es990234m","article-title":"Volatile Organic Compounds in Untreated\nAmbient Groundwater\nof the United States, 1985\u20131995","volume":"33","author":"Squillace","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit9","first-page":"441","article-title":"Chlorofluorocarbons:\nTools for Dating and Tracing Young Groundwater","volume-title":"Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology","author":"Plummer","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7714","DOI":"10.1021\/es0707409","article-title":"Attenuation\nof Fluorocarbons Released from Foam Insulation in Landfills","volume":"41","author":"Scheutz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.02.087","article-title":"Reductive\nDechlorination of Chlorofluorocarbons\nand Hydrochlorofluorocarbons in Sewage Sludge and Aquifer Sediment\nMicrocosms","volume":"61","author":"Balsiger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.12.4567-4572.1994","article-title":"Dechlorination\nof trichlorofluoromethane\n(CFC-11) by sulfate-reducing bacteria from an aquifer contaminated\nwith halogenated aliphatic compounds","volume":"60","author":"Sonier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl.\nEnviron. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(92)90012-g","article-title":"Biological Degradation of Chlorofluorocarbons in Anaerobic\nEnvironments","volume":"24","author":"Denovan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1021\/es00074a016","article-title":"Occurrence\nand fate\nof organic solvent residues in anoxic groundwater at the Gloucester\nlandfill, Canada","volume":"24","author":"Lesage","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(92)90049-w","article-title":"Degradation of Chlorofluorocarbon-113\nunder Anaerobic Conditions","volume":"24","author":"Lesage","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.12.001","article-title":"Degradation rates of\nCFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113 in\nanoxic shallow aquifers of Araihazar, Bangladesh","volume":"97","author":"Horneman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-004-4733-8","article-title":"Biodegradability\nof Chlorinated Solvents and Related\nChlorinated Aliphatic Compounds","volume":"3","author":"Field","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Environ.\nSci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2013.04.004","article-title":"Aerobic Biotransformation\nof N-Nitrosodimethylamine\nand N-Nitrodimethylamine in Methane and Benzene Amended Soil Columns","volume":"150","author":"Weidhaas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1021\/es203386a","article-title":"Carbon\nIsotopic Fractionation of\nCFCs during Abiotic and Biotic Degradation","volume":"46","author":"Archbold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2014.01.002","article-title":"Degradation of Chlorofluorocarbons\nUsing Granular Iron and Bimetallic Irons","volume":"158","author":"Jeen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\nContam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00224a020","article-title":"Reductive\nformation of carbon monoxide from carbon tetrachloride and FREONS\n11, 12, and 13 catalyzed by corrinoids","volume":"30","author":"Krone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1021\/es991301f","article-title":"Removal of Halogenated\nOrganic Compounds\nin Landfill Gas by Top Covers Containing Zero-Valent Iron","volume":"34","author":"Scheutz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit23","first-page":"47","article-title":"The Current Practice of Bioremediation","volume-title":"In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?","author":"Committee on In Situ Bioremediation.","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01132","article-title":"Understanding\nand Designing the Strategies for the\nMicrobe-Mediated Remediation of Environmental Contaminants Using Omics\nApproaches","volume":"9","author":"Malla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1021\/es9907459","article-title":"Degradation\nof Hydrohalocarbons\nand Brominated Compounds by Methane- and Propane-Oxidizing Bacteria","volume":"33","author":"Streger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1292-1576","article-title":"Biological Oxidation of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons\n(HCFCs) by a Methanotrophic Bacterium","volume":"10","author":"DeFlaun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1021\/es961007c","article-title":"Fluorinated Organics\nin the Biosphere","volume":"31","author":"Key","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit28","unstructured":"Hunkeler, D.; Meckenstock, R. U.; Sherwood Lollar, B.; Schmidt, T. C.; Wilson, J. T.\n          A Guide\nfor Assessing Biodegradation and Source Identification of Organic\nGround Water Contaminants Using Compound Specific Isotope Analysis\n(CSIA); USEPA Publ., 2008, EPA 600\/R-(December); pp 1\u201382."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1021\/es049920y","article-title":"Pathway Dependent Isotopic Fractionation\nduring Aerobic Biodegradation of 1,2-Dichloroethane","volume":"38","author":"Hirschorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01282.x","article-title":"Isotope analysis\nas a natural reaction probe to determine\nmechanisms of biodegradation of 1,2-dichloroethane","volume":"9","author":"Hirschorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1021\/es0711819","article-title":"Potential for Identifying Abiotic Chloroalkane Degradation Mechanisms\nusing Carbon Isotopic Fractionation","volume":"42","author":"Vanstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6896","DOI":"10.1021\/es0504587","article-title":"A New Concept\nLinking Observable Stable Isotope Fractionation to Transformation\nPathways of Organic Pollutants","volume":"39","author":"Elsner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1039\/c0em00277a","article-title":"Stable Isotope\nFractionation to Investigate Natural Transformation Mechanisms of\nOrganic Contaminants: Principles, Prospects and Limitations","volume":"12","author":"Elsner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2011-1071.ch019","article-title":"Current\nPerspectives on the Mechanisms of Chlorohydrocarbon\nDegradation in Subsurface Environments\u202f: Insight from Kinetics,\nProduct Formation, Probe Molecules, and Isotope Fractionation","volume":"1071","author":"Elsner","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Symp. Ser."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2011.03.068","article-title":"Tracking\ntransformation processes\nof organic micropollutants in aquatic environments using multi-element\nisotope fractionation analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hofstetter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geochemistry"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5683-y","article-title":"Current Challenges\nin Compound-Specific\nStable Isotope Analysis of Environmental Organic Contaminants","volume":"403","author":"Elsner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b02701","article-title":"Compound-Specific Stable Carbon Isotope\nAnalysis of Chlorofluorocarbons in Groundwater","volume":"87","author":"Horst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.1.313-322.1994","article-title":"Anaerobic\ndegradation of toluene\nand o-xylene by a methanogenic consortium","volume":"60","author":"Edwards","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl\nEnviron Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420044393-9","article-title":"Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons","volume-title":"Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental\nFate for Organic Chemicals","author":"Mackay","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit40","unstructured":"Vail, J.; France, D.; Lewis, B.\n          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\nScience and Ecosystem Support Division Standard Operating Procedure:\nGroundwater Sampling: Athens, Georgia, 2013."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.07.180","article-title":"Using Positive\nMatrix Factorization to Investigate Microbial Dehalogenation of Chlorinated\nBenzenes in Groundwater at a Historically Contaminated Site","volume":"211","author":"Capozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit42","unstructured":"Army Corps of Engineers.\n          .  U. S. Feasibility\nStudy: DuPont Chambers\nWorks FUSRAP Site: Philadelphia, 2012."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit43","unstructured":"US EPA.\n          .  METHOD 8260B: Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography\/Mass\nSpectrometry (GC\/MS), Part of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,\nPhysical\/Chemical Methods, 1996."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1021\/es9803254","article-title":"Headspace Analysis:\nA New Application for Isotopic Characterization of Dissolved Organic\nContaminants","volume":"33","author":"Slater","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1021\/ac062299v","article-title":"An Approach for Assessing Total Instrumental\nUncertainty in Compound-Specific Carbon Isotope Analysis: Implications\nfor Environmental Remediation Studies","volume":"79","author":"Sherwood Lollar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit46","volume-title":"Handbook of Environmental Isotope\nGeochemistry","author":"Fontes","year":"1980","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/14356007.a11_349.pub2","article-title":"Fluorine Compounds, Organic","volume-title":"Ullmann\u2019s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry","author":"Siegemund","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit48","unstructured":"Etrl, S. J.\n          \n          Herkunftsbestimmung\nOrganischer Shadstoffe Durch Untersuchung Des Natu\u0308rlichen Isotopengehalts. Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen, 1997."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1791","article-title":"A Method\nfor Carbon Stable Isotope Analysis of Methyl Halides and Chlorofluorocarbons\nat Pptv Concentrations","volume":"19","author":"Archbold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1019820208377","article-title":"Stable Isotope Signatures\nof Background Tropospheric Chloromethane and CFC-113","volume":"60","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6625","article-title":"Pressure-monitored\nheadspace analysis\ncombined with compound-specific isotope analysis to measure isotope\nfractionation in gas-producing reactions","volume":"27","author":"Mundle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rapid\nCommun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1748348","article-title":"Fractionation\nof the Carbon Isotopes in Decarboxylation\nReactions. IV. The Relative Rates of Decomposition of 1-C12and 1-C13Trichloracetate\nIons","volume":"19","author":"Bigeleisen","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03689","article-title":"Experimental\nDetermination of Isotope Enrichment Factors - Bias from Mass Removal\nby Repetitive Sampling","volume":"51","author":"Buchner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-7037(03)00459-9","article-title":"Optimal Methods for Estimating Kinetic\nIsotope Effects from Different Forms of the Rayleigh Distillation\nEquation","volume":"68","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit55","volume-title":"Enzyme Mechanism from\nIsotope Effects","author":"Huskey","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026090113465708200_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12066","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02597","article-title":"Vapor Pressure Isotope Effects in\nHalogenated Organic Compounds and Alcohols Dissolved in Water","volume":"88","author":"Horst","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b05746","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/54\/2\/870\/67489434\/acs.est.9b05746.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/54\/2\/870\/67489434\/acs.est.9b05746.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1788284826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/54\/2\/870\/505534\/Transformation-of-Chlorofluorocarbons-Investigated"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b05746","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]}}}