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Commonly, they are assumed to form upon mixing of air masses of biogenic and anthropogenic origin, that is, through multiphase reactions between organic compounds and acidic sulfate particles. However, in contrast to this simplified picture, recent studies suggest that OSs may also originate from purely anthropogenic precursors or even directly from biomass and fossil fuel burning. Moreover, besides classical OS formation pathways, several alternative routes have been discovered, suggesting that OS formation possibly occurs through a wider variety of formation mechanisms in the atmosphere than initially expected. During the past decade, OSs have reached a constantly growing attention within the atmospheric science community with evermore studies reporting on large numbers of OS species in ambient aerosol. Nonetheless, estimates on OS concentrations and implications on atmospheric physicochemical processes are still connected to large uncertainties, calling for combined field, laboratory, and modeling studies. In this Critical Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge in atmospheric OS research, discuss unresolved questions, and outline future research needs, also in view of reductions of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Particularly, we focus on (1) field measurements of OSs and measurement techniques, (2) formation pathways of OSs and their atmospheric relevance, (3) transformation, reactivity, and fate of OSs in atmospheric particles, and (4) modeling efforts of OS formation and their global abundance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T08:29:01Z","timestamp":1583915341000},"page":"3767-3782","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":210,"title":["Organosulfates\nin Ambient Aerosol: State of Knowledge\nand Future Research Directions on Formation, Abundance, Fate, and\nImportance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-9691","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Bru\u0308ggemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstrasse 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongshuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Tilgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstrasse 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai Chung","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Mutzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstrasse 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hon Yin","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstrasse 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstrasse 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Poulain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstrasse 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2384-2695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Man Nin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China"]},{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong , , ,","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-2101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hartmut","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , , Permoserstrasse 15 , ,","place":["Leipzig, Germany, 04318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"2026081715251643500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9332","DOI":"10.1021\/es402020b","article-title":"Investigating Missing\nSources of Sulfur at Fairbanks,\nAlaska","volume":"47","author":"Shakya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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