{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:00:38Z","timestamp":1791406838994,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41703128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41703128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET 1335613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET 1335613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Natural organic matter-iron (NOM-Fe) colloids are ubiquitous at anoxic\u2013oxic interfaces of subsurface environments. Fe\u00ad(II) or NOM can chemically reduce Cr\u00ad(VI) to Cr\u00ad(III), and the formation of Cr\u00ad(III)-NOM-Fe colloids can control the fate and transport of Cr. We explored the formation and transport of Cr\u00ad(III)-humic acid (HA)-Fe colloids upon reaction of Cr\u00ad(VI) with HA-Fe\u00ad(II) colloids over a range of environmentally relevant conditions. Cr\u00ad(VI) was completely reduced by HA-Fe\u00ad(II) complexes under anoxic conditions, and the formation of Cr\u00ad(III)-HA-Fe colloids depended on HA concentration (or molar C\/Fe ratio) and redox conditions. No colloids formed at HA concentrations below 3.5 mg C\/L (C\/Fe ratio below 1.6), but Cr\u00ad(III)-HA-Fe colloids formed at higher HA concentrations. In column experiments, Cr\u00ad(III)-HA-Fe\u00ad(III) colloids formed under oxic conditions were readily transported through sand-packed porous media. Colloidal stability measurements further suggest that Cr\u00ad(III)-HA-Fe colloids are highly stable and persist for at least 20 days without substantial change in particle size. This stability is attributed to the enrichment of free HA adsorbed on the Cr\u00ad(III)-HA-Fe colloid surfaces, intensifying the electrostatic and\/or steric repulsion interactions between particles. The new insights provided here are important for evaluating the long-term fate and transport of Cr in organic-rich redox transition zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T18:05:17Z","timestamp":1584036317000},"page":"4256-4266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Formation\nand Transport of Cr(III)-NOM-Fe Colloids\nupon Reaction of Cr(VI) with NOM-Fe(II) Colloids at Anoxic\u2013Oxic\nInterfaces"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-1097","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences , , NO. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. China, 430074"]},{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]},{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, P. R. China, 518055"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7309-0711","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3938-1624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenlu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]},{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-1646","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Songhu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences , , NO. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone , , ,","place":["Wuhan, P. R. China, 430074"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Fortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]},{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4634-5640","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Giammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis , , , ,","place":["St. Louis, Missouri, United States, 63130"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068368","article-title":"Chromium isotopes\nand the fate of\nhexavalent chromium in the environment","volume":"295","author":"Ellis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070031","article-title":"Tracking hexavalent\nCr in groundwater","volume":"295","author":"Blowes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8220","DOI":"10.1021\/es401159b","article-title":"Biogeochemical\ncontrols on hexavalent\nchromium formation in estuarine sediments","volume":"47","author":"Wadhawan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. 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Environ.\nQual."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1021\/es970932b","article-title":"Influence of organic ligands on chromium\u00ad(VI) reduction\nby iron\u00ad(II)","volume":"32","author":"Buerge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1021\/es048967g","article-title":"Formation of soluble\norgano-chromium\u00ad(III) complexes after chromate reduction in the presence\nof cellular organics","volume":"39","author":"Puzon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1021\/es404557e","article-title":"Chromium\u00ad(III) complexation\nto natural organic matter: Mechanisms and modeling","volume":"48","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1021\/es101081c","article-title":"Evidence for strong\nbut dynamic iron-humic colloidal associations in humic-rich coastal\nwaters","volume":"44","author":"Batchelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1021\/ez500164v","article-title":"Ubiquitous presence of Fe\u00ad(II) in aquatic colloids and\nits association with organic carbon","volume":"1","author":"von\nder Heyden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2010.09.001","article-title":"Significant portion\nof dissolved organic Fe complexes in fact is Fe colloids","volume":"122","author":"Boye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. 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Geol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.04.032","article-title":"Phosphate binding by\nnatural iron-rich colloids in streams","volume":"98","author":"Baken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2011.04.023","article-title":"Strong chemical evidence for high\nFe\u00ad(II)-colloids and low As-bearing colloids (200 nm-10 kDa) contents\nin groundwater and flooded paddy fields in Bangladesh: A size fractionation\napproach","volume":"26","author":"Garnier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. 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Acta"},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2009.02.001","article-title":"Reduction of Cr\u00ad(VI)\nto Cr\u00ad(III) by\nFe\u00ad(II) in the presence of fulvic acids and in lacustrine pore water","volume":"262","author":"Agrawal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1021\/es034261v","article-title":"Role of dissolved\norganic matter composition on the photoreduction of Cr\u00ad(VI) to Cr\u00ad(III)\nin the presence of iron","volume":"37","author":"Gaberell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1021\/es072059c","article-title":"Chromium\u00ad(VI)\nreduction kinetics by\nzero-valent iron in moderately hard water with humic acid: iron dissolution\nand humic acid adsorption","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00371","article-title":"Effect of humic\nacid on the removal of chromium\u00ad(VI)\nand the production of solids in iron electrocoagulation","volume":"51","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081715251599100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8078","DOI":"10.1021\/es405804m","article-title":"Cr\u00ad(VI) adsorption and reduction by humic acid coated\non magnetite","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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