{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:07:13Z","timestamp":1788966433315,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KICH1.ST01.20.012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KICH1.ST01.20.012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The development of dewatering methods driven by electric fields offers significant potential to reduce the energy demand for these processes. Electro-osmotic dewatering relies on the application of an electric field across a porous matrix possessing a surface charge, inducing liquid transport through electrokinetic mechanisms. While the feasibility and energy efficiency of electro-osmotic dewatering have been demonstrated, a fundamental understanding of how the irregular, porous microstructure affects the uniformity of dewatering is lacking. In this work, we investigate electro-osmotic flow in porous media micromodels and directly compare it with conventional pressure-driven flow under controlled experimental conditions. The micromodel is designed and microfabricated to exhibit a controlled, heterogeneous microstructure. Pore-scale velocity fields are measured by using particle tracking velocimetry and characterized through velocity probability density functions. A multiphysics model, coupling ion transport, electrostatics, and hydrodynamics, is validated against the experiments. The results show that, in contrast to pressure-driven flow, which exhibits broader velocity distributions with preferential flow paths and stagnant regions, electro-osmotic flow produces a narrower velocity distribution, even in heterogeneous porous structures. These findings demonstrate the potential of electro-osmotic dewatering to achieve more uniform water removal in low-permeability materials and provide a predictive framework for optimizing electrically driven dewatering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.6c01798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:45:09Z","timestamp":1788320709000},"page":"18826-18834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Quantification\nof the Electro-Osmotic\nFlow Field in an Irregular Porous Medium and Its Consequences for\nDewatering"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Aza","family":"Alawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology , , van der Maasweg 9 , ,","place":["Delft, The Netherlands, 2629 HZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-0065","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ankur D.","family":"Bordoloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology , , van der Maasweg 9 , ,","place":["Delft, The Netherlands, 2629 HZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-0748","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johan T.","family":"Padding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology , , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , ,","place":["Delft, The Netherlands, 2628 CB"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0887-500X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valeria","family":"Garbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology , , van der Maasweg 9 , ,","place":["Delft, The Netherlands, 2629 HZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.efmat.2025.10.002","article-title":"Advancement factors in sludge dewatering\ntechnology for wastewater treatment from engineering and economic\nperspectives: A review","volume":"3","author":"Pirouzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11010028","article-title":"The Dewatering Performance\nof a Compact Screw Press Manure Separator for Non-Typical Substrates","volume":"11","author":"Senfter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Separations"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit3","first-page":"612","volume-title":"In Handbook\nof Water\nand Energy Management in Food Processing","author":"Orsat","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-024-06344-3","article-title":"Experimental investigation\nof pulp dewatering by high vacuum suction boxes","volume":"32","author":"Mafela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18574","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02332","article-title":"Establishment\nof the permeability model for soft solid sludge conditioned with flocculants","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16466","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5c01256","article-title":"Transforming\nthe Process Industries through Electrification: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"64","author":"Baldea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.02.069","article-title":"Electro-osmosis\ndewatering as an energy efficient technique for drying food materials","volume":"161","author":"Menon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2025.124759","article-title":"Electro-osmotic\nmembrane dewatering: Influence of membrane morphology, surface charge\nand process parameters","volume":"737","author":"Mehta","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad325","article-title":"The plant cell wall\u2500dynamic,\nstrong, and adaptable\u2500is a natural shapeshifter","volume":"36","author":"Delmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit10","volume-title":"Micro- and Nanoscale\nFluid Mechanics: transport in Microfluidic Devices","author":"Kirby","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111315","article-title":"Electro-based technologies in food\ndrying - A comprehensive review","volume":"145","author":"Mousakhani-Ganjeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1081\/DRT-200063524","article-title":"Electroosmotic dewatering\nof tomato paste suspension under AC electric field","volume":"23","author":"Jumah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drying Technol."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2017.09.010","article-title":"Processing of sea buckthorn fruits by electro-osmosis under pressure","volume":"219","author":"Dobre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2011.602199","article-title":"Electro-kinetic technology as a low-cost\nmethod for\ndewatering food by-product","volume":"29","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drying Technol."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1680\/jgrim.20.00023","article-title":"Relative relevance\nof factors affecting\nthe electrokinetic dewatering of soft clayey soils","volume":"175","author":"Gargano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111222","article-title":"Influences of K+, Ca2+, and Al3+\non electrokinetic process and conductive mechanism of sludge electro-dewatering","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2019.1636062","article-title":"Experimental study\non the electrokinetic migration process of Hangzhou sludge","volume":"38","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drying Technol."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77230-7_66","article-title":"A Study on\nElectrokinetic Dewatering of Saturated Soil","volume-title":"Advances in Transportation Geotechnics IV","author":"Sutar","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511800955","volume-title":"An introduction to\nfluid dynamics","author":"Batchelor","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12977","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c01401","article-title":"Electroosmotic\nflow modulation and enhanced mixing through a soft nanochannel with\npatterned wall charge and hydrodynamic slippage","volume":"63","author":"Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.9b05618","article-title":"Time-dependent\nelectroosmotic\nflow with variable slips along microchannel","volume":"59","author":"Haque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1108\/HFF-11-2016-0437","article-title":"Modelling\nelectro-osmotic flow in porous media: a review","volume":"28","author":"Di Fraia","year":"2018","journal-title":"IInt. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1615\/JPorMedia.2015013088","article-title":"Effects of Dielectric\nPermittivity of Solid Structure on Electro-Osmotic\nPermeability in Porous Media","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Porous Media"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-016-0680-4","article-title":"Electroosmotic flow\nand dispersion in open and closed porous media","volume":"113","author":"Maier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Media"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.11.084","article-title":"Simultaneous pressure and electro-osmosis\ndriven flow\nin charged porous media: Pore-scale effects on mixing and dispersion","volume":"561","author":"Godinez-Brizuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/122c-f92l","article-title":"Flow-induced\nintermittent transport shapes colloid filtration in complex media","volume":"137","author":"Miele","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124103","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.2.124103","article-title":"Prediction of the low-velocity\ndistribution from the pore structure in simple porous media","volume":"2","author":"de Anna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Fluids"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4928","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200700897","article-title":"Comparison of the analytical performance\nof electrophoresis microchannels fabricated in PDMS, glass, and polyester-toner","volume":"29","author":"Coltro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-006-1508-5","article-title":"Electroosmotic flow velocity measurements\nin a square microchannel","volume":"284","author":"Hsieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1039\/b315036d","article-title":"Electroosmotic flow with Joule heating\neffects","volume":"4","author":"Xuan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1836121","article-title":"The fundamental\nconductivity and resistivity of water","volume":"8","author":"Light","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochem.\nSolid State Lett."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75581-0","article-title":"Evaluation of particle\ntracking codes for dispersing\nparticles in porous media","volume":"14","author":"Berghouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-017-1881-z","article-title":"Effectiveness\nof flow obstructions\nin enhancing electro-osmotic flow","volume":"21","author":"Fraia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microfluid.\nNanofluid"},{"key":"2026090908070823200_cit34","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Transport Phenomena","author":"Bird","year":"2001","edition":"2nd"}],"container-title":["Industrial &amp; Engineering\nChemistry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.iecr.6c01798","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/iecred\/article-pdf\/65\/35\/18826\/67602812\/acs.iecr.6c01798.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/iecred\/article-pdf\/65\/35\/18826\/67602812\/acs.iecr.6c01798.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:08:24Z","timestamp":1788962904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/iecred\/article\/65\/35\/18826\/5349100\/Experimental-Quantification-of-the-Electro-Osmotic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.iecr.6c01798","relation":{},"ISSN":["0888-5885","1520-5045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0888-5885","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}