{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:21:47Z","timestamp":1793316107776,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Limited information exists on the effectiveness of potential treatments to reduce levels of opium alkaloids that may be present in seeds from poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Poppy seeds containing morphine at relatively lower (14.7 mg kg\u20131) and higher (210.0 mg kg\u20131) concentrations were subjected to dry heat and steam treatments, water washing, and baking. Sample extracts were then analyzed using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry for the opium alkaloids morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The results indicated that thermal treatment promoted opium alkaloid degradation in poppy seed samples, with a 50% loss of morphine observed after 30\u201340 min at 200 \u00b0C. Water washing reduced concentrations of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds by approximately 50\u201380%, while steam treatment resulted in reduction of morphine in only one sample type. Importantly, baking had no significant effect on concentrations of opium alkaloids. Overall, these results indicate that opium alkaloids may not be significantly affected by baking or steam application and that poppy seeds may require water washing or extended thermal treatment to promote reduction of these compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1587127477000},"page":"5241-5248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloids Morphine, Codeine,\nand Thebaine in Poppy Seeds are Reduced after Thermal and Washing\nTreatments but are Not Affected when Incorporated in a Model Baked\nProduct"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Shalaka\nA.","family":"Shetge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Institute of Technology , , 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park , , ,","place":["Bedford\nPark, Illinois, United States, 60501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Dzakovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University , , 2001 Fyffe Court , , ,","place":["Columbus, Ohio, United\nStates, 43210"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7920-0088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Cooperstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University , , 2001 Fyffe Court , , ,","place":["Columbus, Ohio, United\nStates, 43210"]},{"name":"The Ohio State University , , 2015 Fyffe Court , , ,","place":["Columbus, Ohio, United States, 43210"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Kleinmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Food and Drug Administration , , 5001 Campus Drive , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United\nStates, 20740"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2834-4468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Redan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Food and Drug Administration , , 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park , , ,","place":["Bedford Park, Illinois, United States, 60501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815607-0.00031-9","article-title":"Analytical True\nPositive: Poppy Seed Products and Opiate Analysis","volume-title":"Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06655","article-title":"Characterization of\nBitter-Tasting\nOxylipins in Poppy Seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)","author":"Lainer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b05153","article-title":"Matrix-Free\nLaser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry as an Efficient Tool\nfor the Rapid Detection of Opiates in Crude Extracts of Papaver somniferum","volume":"68","author":"Skopikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3176\/proc.2017.1.04","article-title":"Content of\nalkaloids in ornamental\nPapaver somniferum L. cultivars growing in Estonia","volume":"66","author":"Meos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Est. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5243","article-title":"Update of\nthe Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds","volume":"16","author":"Knutsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9422(00)86313-x","article-title":"The alkaloids of Papaver\nsomniferum L.-VI","volume":"7","author":"Fairbairn","year":"1968","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-020-01729-z","article-title":"Extraction and Determination\nof Morphine Present on\nthe Surface of Australian Food Grade Poppy Seeds Using Acidic Potassium\nPermanganate Chemiluminescence Detection","volume":"13","author":"Montgomery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food\nAnal. Methods"},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit8","unstructured":"BfR\n          . Poppy Seeds in Food: The Content of Opium\nAlkaloid Thebaine\nShould Be Reduced as Much as Possible. 2018,\nOpinion No 039\/2018."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-0113-5","article-title":"Poppy Seed Tea: A Short Review and\nCase Study","volume":"8","author":"Haber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/24734306.2018.1540178","article-title":"Two cases\nof severe\nopiate toxicity after ingestion of poppy seed tea","volume":"2","author":"Spyres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Commun."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2019.1569152","article-title":"Determination of\nmorphine in culinary\npoppy seed tea extractions using high performance liquid chromatography\nwith chemiluminescence detection","volume":"51","author":"Montgomery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Forensic\nSci."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13664","article-title":"Quantification\nof Morphine, Codeine,\nand Thebaine in Home-Brewed Poppy Seed Tea by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"63","author":"Powers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1982.tb06228.x","article-title":"Morphine intake from poppy seed food","volume":"34","author":"Bjerver","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2405","article-title":"Scientific Opinion\non the risks for public health related to the presence of opium alkaloids\nin poppy seeds","volume":"9","author":"EFSA\nCONTAM Panel","year":"2011","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit15","unstructured":"BfR\n          . BfR Recommends Provisional Daily Upper Intake Level and\na Guidance Value for Morphine in Poppy Seeds. Assessment, 2005."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-006-0522-7","article-title":"Guidelines\nfor reduction of morphine in poppy seed intended for food purposes","volume":"226","author":"Sproll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit17","unstructured":"European\nCommission\n          . Commission Recommendation\nof 10 September\n2014 on good practices to prevent and to reduce the presence of opium\nalkaloids in poppy seeds and poppy seed products. Official Journal\nof the European Union, 2014, 2014\/662\/EU."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125564","article-title":"What do we\nknow about health risks related to thebaine\nin food?","volume":"309","author":"Eisenreich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.10.017","article-title":"Changes\nin quality, bioactive compounds, fatty acids, tocopherols, and phenolic\ncomposition in oven- and microwave-roasted poppy seeds and oil","volume":"99","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT--Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.08.045","article-title":"Straightforward analytical\nmethod to determine opium alkaloids in poppy seeds and bakery products","volume":"242","author":"Lo\u0301pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2001.tb16120.x","article-title":"Loss of\nfuminosin B1 in extruded and baked corn-based foods with sugars","volume":"66","author":"Castelo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.1021\/jf970405b","article-title":"Effects\nof baking and frying on the fumonisin B1 content of corn-based foods","volume":"45","author":"Jackson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.11-102","article-title":"Development and validation of a reversed-phase\nHPLC method for determination of alkaloids from Papaver somniferum\nL. (Papaveraceae)","volume":"95","author":"Acevska","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2019.12.23.878223","article-title":"A High-Throughput\nExtraction and Analysis Method for Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato","author":"Dzakovich","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170715","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170715","article-title":"Investigation\nof the acid\/base behaviour of the opium alkaloid thebaine in LC-ESI-MS\nmobile phase by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"Carlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open\nSci."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600500108","article-title":"Stability\nof morphine in aqueous solution III. Kinetics\nof morphine degradation in aqueous solution","volume":"50","author":"Yeh","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.3.398","article-title":"Determination of product\nshelf life and activation energy for five\ndrugs of abuse","volume":"37","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2011.636762","article-title":"Exposure of consumers to morphine\nfrom poppy seeds in Hungary","volume":"29","author":"Zentai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam.\nPart A"},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2011.01.013","article-title":"Evaluation of alkaloid profiles in hybrid generations\nof different poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) genotypes","volume":"33","author":"Ne\u0301meth-Za\u0301mbori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5292","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0608975","article-title":"Optimized\nLC-MS\/MS analysis of morphine\nand codeine in poppy seed and evaluation of their fate during food\nprocessing as a basis for risk analysis","volume":"54","author":"Sproll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\nAgric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600750917","article-title":"Enhanced\nstability of codeine sulfate: Effect of pH, buffer, and temperature\non the degradation of codeine in aqueous solution","volume":"75","author":"Powell","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081417191864500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/ftd.0b013e3181c0eee0","article-title":"Poppy seed\nfoods and opiate drug\ntesting-where are we today?","volume":"32","author":"Lachenmeier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."}],"container-title":["Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01681","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/68\/18\/5241\/5364846\/jf0c01681.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article-pdf\/68\/18\/5241\/5364846\/jf0c01681.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:33:11Z","timestamp":1786743191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jafcau\/article\/68\/18\/5241\/501407\/Concentrations-of-the-Opium-Alkaloids-Morphine"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01681","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8561","1520-5118"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8561","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5118","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]}}}